[Artificial intelligence applied to the electrocardiogram.].

Artificial intelligence is able to read and interpret Ecg traces quickly and precisely, increasing the diagnostic capacity and offering the possibility of anticipating preventive therapies. However, there is no evidence on the clinical utility and cost-effectiveness of certain practical applications. In fact, the literature shows the prognostic importance in favor of prevention, but clear evidence is not available that correcting strokes, embolisms, heart failure early improves quality and life span of patients.

Feasibility of contextualizing the Informed Health Choices learning resources in Italy: A pilot study in a primary school in Florence.

Background The Informed Health Choices (IHC) project team developed learning resources for primary school children to teach critical thinking about treatments claims and health choices and evaluated their effect in a randomized controlled trial of 120 schools in Uganda. Children taught with these resources showed a better ability to think critically about treatments claims and health choices than children not taught with these resources. Teams in multiple countries are contextualising the IHC resources for use in other languages and settings; in this pilot we describe contextualization for use in Italian primary school.

To observe the observations on observational research: how do Italian online media report about a contemporary mainstream observational study?

Background: The media's key role in conveying health information to the public is not always supported by the quality of the reporting. Despite findings from observational studies (OSs) represent a substantial proportion of media health news, limitations of OSs are often overlooked in medical journals' abstracts, in press releases, and in associated news stories. The objective of this analysis is to investigate how Italian online news media report on a contemporary OS published in a major medical journal and dealing with a topic of widespread interest.

[About the communication of health research: generating trust through information and education.].

Public communication strategies of scientific findings can be placed at various levels on a scale that originates from purely informative methods and, through increasingly persuasive methods, goes up to coercion. Institutional communication of science during the covid-19 pandemic is affected by the tension between the pursuit of the ethics of transparency and the need to achieve public health goals: a communication focused on information, that neutrally highlights both the risks and the advantages of an intervention, could reduce the acceptance of this intervention in the short term, but consolidate people's trust in institutions in the long term. On the other hand, a more persuasive communication could lead to a greater adherence to the proposed intervention in the short term, but weaken the trust of the communication's recipients towards the institutions.

[Covid-19, myocarditis and return to play: it's time to be conservative.].

Observational studies of cardiac magnetic resonance imaging in people with recent covid-19, including young asymptomatic athletes, have documented variable amounts of myocardial findings deemed suggestive of myocarditis. Despite a critical appraisal of the current literature points toward an insufficient evidence base about the existence of a peculiar association between covid-19 and myocarditis, the concern for unrecognized myocarditis and its potential consequences has led several sports medicine organizations to recommend a variety of cardiac tests to enable return to play in athletes with previous covid-19. We argue that some of these recommendations may lead to unnecessary tests or treatments, especially for asymptomatic SARS-CoV-2 positive people and for those with previous mild disease, and that sports participation may even be discouraged.

[The naked king in the pandemic: about the production and communication of scientific knowledge at the time of SARS-CoV-2.].

The SARS-CoV-2 pandemic has lifted the veil about how medical knowledge is produced and disseminated. Action Bias, together with economic, academic and media-related interests, has concurred to generate and spread low-value and even unreliable information about some hypothetical therapeutic interventions for CoViD-19. Not only this "infodemic" has weakened people's ability to make informed health choices, but it also has influenced the process of new evidence generation through the violation of the equipoise principle.

[New insights into the seriousness of acute myocardial injury during COVID-19].

Retrospective data from Chinese cohorts published in the last few days have placed a strong emphasis on the possibility that acute myocardial injury represents a critical component in the development of serious complications in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. These analyses showed that 19-27% of hospitalized patients with moderate/severe COVID-19 developed acute myocardial injury, defined as an increase in troponin levels. Fifty-sixty percent of these patients died.

The duty of being a medical conservative. When in doubt, for the patient.

Recently, John Mandrola et al. established the tenets of medical conservativism. We endorse this approach to patient care, and we believe that, in order to have this perspective incorporated into medical reasoning, the foundations for being medical conservatives should be taught since medical school.

[The duty for being a medical conservative.].

In the article by John Mandrola, Adam Cifu, Vinay Prasad and Andrew Foy translated below, the principles of being a medical "conservative" in the practice of contemporary medicine are exposed. In times projected towards progress, a manifesto to conservatism could seem an oxymoron, but today it is necessary to verify that every innovation is really such and that it contains scientific evidences to support what it claims.

The elephant in the record: On the multiplicity of data recording work.

This article focuses on the production side of clinical data work, or data recording work, and in particular, on its multiplicity in terms of data variability. We report the findings from two case studies aimed at assessing the multiplicity that can be observed when the same medical phenomenon is recorded by multiple competent experts, yet the recorded data enable the knowledgeable management of illness trajectories. Often framed in terms of the latent unreliability of medical data, and then treated as a problem to solve, we argue that practitioners in the health informatics field must gain a greater awareness of the natural variability of data inscribing work, assess it, and design solutions that allow actors on both sides of clinical data work, that is, the production and care, as well as the primary and secondary uses of data to aptly inform each other's practices.

Value of Telemonitoring and Telemedicine in Heart Failure Management.

The use of telemonitoring and telemedicine is a relatively new but quickly developing area in medicine. As new digital tools and applications are being created and used to manage medical conditions such as heart failure, many implications require close consideration and further study, including the effectiveness and safety of these telemonitoring tools in diagnosing, treating and managing heart failure compared to traditional face-to-face doctor-patient interaction. When compared to multidisciplinary intervention programs which are frequently hindered by economic, geographic and bureaucratic barriers, non-invasive remote monitoring could be a solution to support and promote the care of patients over time.

["Handle with care": about the potential unintended consequences of oracular artificial intelligence systems in medicine.].

Decisional support systems based on machine learning (ML) in medicine are gaining a growing interest as some recent articles have highlighted the high diagnostic accuracy exhibited by these systems in specific medical contexts. However, it is implausible that any potential advantage can be obtained without some potential drawbacks. In light of the current gaps in medical research about the side effects of the application of these new AI systems in medical practice, in this article we summarize the main unexpected consequences that may result from the widespread application of "oracular" systems, that is highly accurate systems that cannot give reasonable explanations of their advice as those endowed with predictive models developed with ML techniques usually are.

Acute infection-inflammation and coronary stent thrombosis: an observational study.

Coronary stent thrombosis (CST) is a major concern of interventional cardiology. Several risk factors for CST have been identified, but as a whole they do not explain the pathophysiology of CST. This study was designed to investigate whether acute infection-inflammation could facilitate the occurrence of CST.