Eugenol, Isoeugenol, Thymol, Carvacrol, and Ester Derivatives as an Ecofriendly Option to Control Glomerella Leaf Spot and Bitter Rot on Apple.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and bitter rot (BR) are severe diseases of apple. and are the main species in Brazil. To control GLS and BR in Brazilian apple orchards, mancozeb and thiophanate-methyl fungicides are still used despite reported resistance to these active ingredients.

Impact of diseases and pests on premature fruit drop in sweet orange orchards in São Paulo state citrus belt, Brazil.

Background: Despite technical improvements in the citrus chain and leadership in orange production achieved in the past decades, premature fruit drop remains a major component of crop loss in São Paulo state citrus belt, the largest sweet orange production area in the world. The present study aimed to determine, during five consecutive seasons, the impact of the diseases and pests on premature fruit drop in the orange belt.

Results: Fruit drop due to the main diseases and pests averaged approximately 11.

Tree age and cultivar-oriented use of mineral oil added to fungicide tank mixture for the control of citrus black spot in sweet orange orchards.

Background: Mineral oil added to fungicide spray mixtures has been a frequently used strategy to control citrus black spot (CBS) worldwide. Although mineral oil may increase the efficacy of control, its use represents around 15% of the costs of a CBS spray program. This study aimed to assess the performance of different proportions of mineral oil added to a fungicide tank mixture for CBS control in young (less than 10 years old) and old (more than 12 years old) sweet orange orchards of early ('Hamlin'), mid-season ('Pera') and late-maturing ('Valencia') cultivars in São Paulo state, Brazil.

Pathogen Dispersal and Glomerella Leaf Spot Progress Within Apple Canopy in Brazil.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) of apple is caused by three different species complexes. This study evaluated the dispersal of spores related to GLS temporal progress and defoliation. Spores were monitored by air and water runoff in different plant heights, and the temporal progress of GLS and defoliation were assessed.

Sensitivity of the Species Complex From Apple Trees in Brazil to Dithiocarbamates, Methyl Benzimidazole Carbamates, and Quinone Outside Inhibitor Fungicides.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) and bitter rot (BR) on apples are often caused by in Paraná State, Brazil. GLS control is difficult because of its rapid development, with an incubation period of only 2 days under favorable conditions. Therefore, producers use successive fungicide applications every season; however, failure to control GLS has been commonly reported.

Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides Species Complexes Associated with Apple in Brazil.

Glomerella leaf spot (GLS) is an apple disease that concerns growers due to the increases in severity over the years and the difficulties in control. Species within the Colletotrichum acutatum and C. gloeosporioides species complexes cause GLS, but the proportion of species within each complex in Brazilian apple orchards is not known.