Evaluation of herbicide toxicity to Lemna minor L. and Azolla caroliniana Willd.

Long-residual herbicides can negatively impact aquatic ecosystems through surface runoff and leaching. This study evaluated the acute toxicity of indaziflam, sulfentrazone, clomazone, and tebuthiuron on Lemna minor and Azolla caroliniana. Experiments were conducted in the laboratory using a completely randomized design (CRD) with six concentrations of each herbicide across four replicates.

Toxicity assessment of commercial herbicide formulations to Eisenia andrei (Bouché, 1972) in oxisols.

The use of long-residual herbicides can have adverse effects on terrestrial ecosystems. This study assessed the acute and chronic toxicity and avoidance behavior of Eisenia andrei earthworms exposed to nominal concentrations of clomazone, indaziflam, and sulfentrazone, using recommended commercial formulations for sugarcane cultivation. The formulations included Gamit® 360 CS (360 g L of the active ingredient - a.