Dietary Sodium Nitrate Activates Antioxidant and Mitochondrial Dynamics Genes after Moderate Intensity Acute Exercise in Metabolic Syndrome Patients.

Exercise can induce a pro-inflammatory response in aged subjects with metabolic disorders and nitrate supplementation has shown anti-inflammatory effects. We evaluated the influence of dietary nitrate on the response of the antioxidant and mitochondrial dynamics genes to acute exercise in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs), as well as the antioxidant and the inflammatory response of PBMCs against immune stimulation. Metabolic syndrome patients participated in a crossover study in which they consumed a beverage containing 16 mM sodium nitrate or a placebo with the same composition without nitrate before performing a submaximal test at 60%-70% of their maximal heart rate for 30 min.

Oral Administration of Sodium Nitrate to Metabolic Syndrome Patients Attenuates Mild Inflammatory and Oxidative Responses to Acute Exercise.

The beneficial effects of exercise for the treatment and prevention of metabolic syndrome pathologies have been related to its anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects. Dietary nitrate supplementation is an emerging treatment strategy to alleviate the symptoms of metabolic syndrome affections and to improve vascular function. In this double-blind crossover trial, metabolic syndrome patients performed two exercise tests for 30 min at 60-70% maximal heart rate after the intake of a placebo or a nitrate-enriched beverage.

Enhanced functionality for donor-acceptor oligothiophenes by means of inclusion of BODIPY: synthesis, electrochemistry, photophysics, and model chemistry.

We have synthesized several new push-pull oligothiophenes based on the boron dipyrromethene (BODIPY) moiety as the electron acceptor and the more well-known oligothiophenes substituted with N,N-dialkylamino functions to enhance their electron-donor ability. A complete characterization of the electronic properties has been carried out; it consists of their photophysical, electrochemical, and vibrational properties. The compounds have been studied after chemical treatment with acids and after oxidation.

Theoretical and experimental studies on the mechanism of norbornadiene Pauson-Khand cycloadducts photorearrangement. Is there a pathway on the excited singlet potential energy surface?

The intermolecular Pauson-Khand reaction (PKR), a carbonylative cycloaddition between an alkyne and an alkene, is a convenient method to prepare cyclopentenones. Using norbornadiene as alkene, a myriad of tricyclo[5.2.

Dendrimerized cellulose as a scaffold for artificial antigens with applications in drug allergy diagnosis.

Cellulose-based dendrimerized material was prepared and its quality was assessed by determining the number of amine functional groups incorporated. Based on the results for a series of preparations, the material was obtained in a highly reproducible manner thanks to the particular chemical construction method used. The number of amine groups incorporated and the amount of dendrimer attached are directly related to the dendrimer generation.

A molecular 1 : 2 demultiplexer.

A dual-channel fluorescent compound runs as a 1 : 2 digital demultiplexer (DEMUX) which can drive a single signal (proton) to two different destinations as a fluorescent photonic response; each fluorescent channel can be activated independently by careful selection of the excitation wavelength.

Partial demethylation of oligogalacturonides by pectin methyl esterase 1 is required for eliciting defence responses in wild strawberry (Fragaria vesca).

In addition to the role of the cell wall as a physical barrier against pathogens, some of its constituents, such as pectin-derived oligogalacturonides (OGA), are essential components for elicitation of defence responses. To investigate how modifications of pectin alter defence responses, we expressed the fruit-specific Fragaria x ananassa pectin methyl esterase FaPE1 in the wild strawberry Fragaria vesca. Pectin from transgenic ripe fruits differed from the wild-type with regard to the degree and pattern of methyl esterification, as well as the average size of pectin polymers.

Photoinduced addition of phthalimide to unactivated alkynes.

Photoexcited phthalimide in equilibrium with its conjugated base produces the regioselective hydrophthalimidation of conjugated alkynes. The vinylphthalimide thus obtained is hydrolyzed to the corresponding carbonyl compound. With unconjugated alkynes, the outcome is a double addition of phthalimide to the triple bond.

Cephalosporin chemical reactivity and its immunological implications.

Purpose Of Review: The aim of this article is to analyze the chemical reactivity of cephalosporins resulting in the epitope responsible for recognition by IgE antibodies and to establish the basis of the allergenicity.

Recent Findings: Increasing evidence supports the role of cephalosporins in IgE hypersensitivity reactions. Third and fourth generation cephalosporins appear to be more involved in specific IgE reactions and often no cross-reactivity with traditional benzyl penicillin determinants exists.

Photochemistry of phytoalexins containing phenalenone-like chromophores: photophysics and singlet oxygen photosensitizing properties of the plant oxoaporphine alkaloid oxoglaucine.

Oxoglaucine (OG) is an oxoaporphine alkaloid, which has been linked to plant defense mechanisms. It contains a phenalenone (PN)-like chromophore, which suggests a role as singlet oxygen ((1)O(2)) photosensitizer. Indeed, OG is able to photosensitize (1)O(2) with 100% efficiency in nonpolar environments, similar to PN.

Synthesis and characterization of a new bisphosphonic acid and several metal hybrids derivatives.

Commercial bis-(4-bromophenyl)-ether, [BrC(6)H(4)](2)-O, has been used to prepare 4-[4'-(diethoxyphosphoryl)phenoxy]phenyl-phosphonic acid diethyl ester, [(CH(3)CH(2))(2)O(3)P-C(6)H(4)](2)-O, (I) following a slight modification of the Michaelis-Arbuzov reaction. The acid hydrolysis of I gave 4-(4'-phosphonophenoxy)phenyl phosphonic acid, [H(2)O(3)P-C(6)H(4)](2)-O (II), and both compounds have been characterized by (1)H NMR and (13)C NMR. The crystal structure of II has been determined by single-crystal X-ray diffraction.

Immediate allergic reactions to betalactams: facts and controversies.

Purpose Of Review: To analyse the available data in the field of immediate allergic reactions to beta-lactams, with particular emphasis on more recent studies, and to comment on the future role of this group of antibiotics.

Recent Findings: The world of beta-lactams has become more complex than initially thought, due to the increased number of chemical structures available, the wide variety of indications for their use in treating different infectious diseases, and possibly also due to the interaction of other as yet undetermined factors. Benzyl penicillin, the original inducer of allergic reactions, has now largely been replaced by amoxicillin and, to a lesser extent, by cephalosporins in inducing IgE-mediated allergic reactions.

A natural-product-inspired photonic logic gate based on photoinduced electron-transfer-generated dual-channel fluorescence.

[structure: see text] Modified 1-benzylisoquinoline N-oxides can operate as molecular logic gates. The combination of dual-channel fluorescence emissions and the preferred interaction for selected chemical inputs allows one to design multifunction and self-reprogrammable molecular logic gates.

Synthesis, characterization and immunochemical evaluation of cephalosporin antigenic determinants.

Lack of knowledge of the exact chemical structure of cephalosporin antigenic determinants has hindered clinical interpretation of adverse reactions to these drugs and delayed understanding of the mechanisms involved in the specific recognition and binding of IgE molecules to these antigenic determinants. We further resolve the relationship between structure and activity of proposed antigenic chemicals, including the rational design and synthesis of these haptenic structures. Comparative RAST inhibition studies of the synthesized molecules revealed that they were recognized by IgE antibodies induced by cephalosporin antibiotics.

Covalently linked acceptor-donor systems based on isoquinoline N-oxide acceptor: photoinduced electron transfer produces dual-channel luminescent systems that evolve chemically to photohydroxylation of the aromatic donor.

Acceptor-donor compounds containing the isoquinoline N-oxide acceptor and (methoxy)(n)benzene (n = 0, 1, 2, 3) electron donors were studied. The two chromophores are connected by a CH(2) bridging unit. All acceptor-donor compounds exhibit photoinduced electron transfer in acid medium that results in the formation of a charge-transfer (CT) state.

Dendrimers as carrier protein mimetics for IgE antibody recognition. Synthesis and characterization of densely penicilloylated dendrimers.

The synthesis of benzylpenicilloyl-containing dendrimers has been achieved by a convenient procedure involving quantitative functionalization of the terminal amino groups of the three Starbust PAMAM generations used (G(n); n = 0, 1, 2). All these densely penicilloylated dendrimers (G(n)P) exhibit similar, simple NMR spectroscopic data suggesting highly symmetric structures and a monodisperse nature, and the results obtained from MALDI-TOF-MS demonstrate their exact chemical composition. The use of PAMAM dendrimers has allowed us to synthesize, for the first time, carrier benzylpenicilloyl conjugates (G(n)P) of precisely defined chemical structure.

Bis(isoquinoline N-oxide) pincers as a new type of metal cation dual channel fluorosensor.

[structure: see text] A new type of donor-spacer-acceptor podand system has been synthesized and proved as an efficient dual channel fluorosensor for Li+, Mg2+, and Ca2+. The known ability for the N-oxide function to bind Lewis acids is the key step in the appearance of a new emitting charge-transfer (CT) excited state. The occurrence of this CT state for alkaline earth (Mg2+ and Ca2+) and not for alkaline metals (Li+) provided a new type of dual channel fluorosensors.