Pathology discovered in the "first patient" can be the silent teacher of self-directed learning.

Pathology found during cadaveric dissection has been used to model integrative teaching methods for medical students at several institutions. Recent evidence has shown that pathology found during dissection can be used in the design of self-directed learning (SDL) activities with standards that are difficult to meet. This study presents a novel method for providing formative feedback, one of the most challenging aspects for LCME accreditation of SDL activities.

The British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification grading system as a predictor of return to play following hamstrings injury in professional football players.

Objectives: Investigate the British Athletics Muscle Injury Classification (BAMIC) grading system as a predictor of return to play (RTP) following primary hamstring strain injury (HSI) and its agreement with the Peetron's classification system in professional footballers.

Methods: A retrospective cohort study of 39 hamstrings strains in a professional English football club were identified. Two musculoskeletal radiologists reviewed historical MRI's and classified them against the BAMIC and Peetron's grading system.

Role of endothelin in the pathophysiology of migraine: A new view on an old player.

There is cumulating evidence that endothelin-1 (ET-1) may play a role in migraine, however controversial findings still impede a conclusion to be drawn. Herein we tested the hypothesis that endothelin ETB receptors are major contributors to migraine-like responses. ET-1, IRL-1620 (selective ETB receptor agonist) or CGRP were injected into the trigeminal ganglion (TG) of female Wistar rats, and the development of periorbital mechanical allodynia was assessed hourly with von Frey hairs.

Anxiety, PTSD, and stressors in medical students during the initial peak of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Purpose: To assess psychological effects of the initial peak phase of the COVID-19 pandemic on United States (US) medical students in clinical training to anticipate sequelae and prepare for future outbreaks.

Methods: Authors emailed a cross-sectional survey in April-May, 2020 to students in clinical training years at six US medical schools which included validated General Anxiety Disorder (GAD-7) and Primary Care-PTSD (PC-PTSD-5) screening tools, and asked students about pandemic-related stress and specific concerns. Authors used quantitative and thematic analysis to present results.

Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on medical students: a multicenter quantitative study.

Background: The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted the United States (US) medical education system with the necessary, yet unprecedented Association of American Medical Colleges (AAMC) national recommendation to pause all student clinical rotations with in-person patient care. This study is a quantitative analysis investigating the educational and psychological effects of the pandemic on US medical students and their reactions to the AAMC recommendation in order to inform medical education policy.

Methods: The authors sent a cross-sectional survey via email to medical students in their clinical training years at six medical schools during the initial peak phase of the COVID-19 pandemic.

Cell viability and cytotoxicity of inkjet-printed flexible organic electrodes on parylene C.

This study reports on the fabrication of biocompatible organic devices by means of inkjet printing with a novel combination of materials. The devices were fabricated on Parylene C (PaC), a biocompatible and flexible polymer substrate. The contact tracks were inkjet-printed using a silver nanoparticle ink, while the active sites were inkjet-printed using a poly (3,4ethylenedioxythiophene)/polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS) solution.

The effectiveness of hydrodistension and physiotherapy following previously failed conservative management of frozen shoulder in a UK primary care centre.

Background: There is a lack of evidence on the clinical effectiveness of hydrodistension for frozen shoulder following failed conservative management.

Methods: A total of 90 patients opted for hydrodistension following failed initial treatment which included physiotherapy and at least one corticosteroid injection. Shoulder pain and function were assessed at baseline, and 6, 12 and 24 weeks using the Shoulder Pain Disability Index (SPADI), The Upper Extremity Functional Index (UEFI) and a visual analogue scale (VAS) for pain.

Blockade of peripheral endothelin receptors abolishes heat hyperalgesia and spontaneous nociceptive behavior in a rat model of facial cancer.

Objective: To improve understanding of the pathophysiology of cancer-induced facial nociception, by evaluating the contribution of peripheral endothelin receptors in tumor-induced facial heat hyperalgesia, increased spontaneous grooming, as well as ongoing nociception in a rat model of facial cancer.

Design: The study was conducted using 396 rats. Facial cancer was induced by inoculating a suspension of Walker-256 cells into the rats' right vibrissal pad.

Facial hyperalgesia due to direct action of endothelin-1 in the trigeminal ganglion of mice.

Objective: This study assessed the ability of endothelin-1 (ET-1) to evoke heat hyperalgesia when injected directly into the trigeminal ganglia (TG) of mice and determined the receptors implicated in this effect. The effects of TG ET and ET receptor blockade on alleviation of heat hyperalgesia in a model of trigeminal neuropathic pain induced by infraorbital nerve constriction (CION) were also examined.

Methods: Naive mice received an intraganglionar (i.

Blockade of endothelin receptors reduces tumor-induced ongoing pain and evoked hypersensitivity in a rat model of facial carcinoma induced pain.

Pain reported by patients with head and neck cancer is characterized as persistent pain with mechanical allodynia. Pain management is inadequate for many patients, highlighting the need for improved therapies. We examined the hypothesis that the mixed endothelin ET and ET receptor antagonist, bosentan, reduces tumor-induced ongoing pain and evoked hypersensitivity in a rat model of facial cancer pain.

The histopathologic reliability of tissue taken from cadavers within the gross anatomy laboratory.

The purpose of this study was to examine the histopathologic reliability of embalmed cadaveric tissue taken from the gross anatomy laboratory. Tissue samples from hearts, livers, lungs, and kidneys were collected after the medical students' dissection course was completed. All of the cadavers were embalmed in a formalin-based fixative solution.

Mechanisms involved in facial heat hyperalgesia induced by endothelin-1 in female rats.

Objective: Pronociceptive responses to endothelins in the trigeminal system seem to be mediated by ET and ET receptors, which have been shown to be expressed in neurons of the trigeminal ganglion of humans and rats. The present study aimed to evaluate the ability of endothelin-1 (ET-1) to induce facial heat hyperalgesia in female rats, the contribution of ET and ET receptors to this response, as well as the mechanisms underlying heat hyperalgesia induced by ET-1.

Design: ET-1 (100pmol/50μL) was injected into the upper lip and heat hyperalgesia was evaluated for up to 6h.

Atherosclerotic Plaque Tissue: Noninvasive Quantitative Assessment of Characteristics with Software-aided Measurements from Conventional CT Angiography.

Purpose To (a) evaluate whether plaque tissue characteristics determined with conventional computed tomographic (CT) angiography could be quantitated at higher levels of accuracy by using image processing algorithms that take characteristics of the image formation process coupled with biologic insights on tissue distributions into account by comparing in vivo results and ex vivo histologic findings and (b) assess reader variability. Materials and Methods Thirty-one consecutive patients aged 43-85 years (average age, 64 years) known to have or suspected of having atherosclerosis who underwent CT angiography and were referred for endarterectomy were enrolled. Surgical specimens were evaluated with histopathologic examination to serve as standard of reference.

Clinical, Biomechanical, and Anatomic Investigation of Colles Fascia and Pubic Ramus Periosteum for Use During Medial Thighplasty.

Introduction: The medial thighplasty is a procedure where patients may attain superior mobility, hygiene, and cosmesis. Most surgeons use attachment of the superficial fascial system (SFS) of the thigh flap to the Colles fascia, whereas others attach the SFS to the pubic ramus periosteum. Because of a high complication profile, we aim to elucidate the clinical, biomechanical, and anatomic qualities of the Colles fascia versus the pubic ramus periosteum.

Retrospective cohort study of the South Tyneside Exercise Referral Scheme 2009-14: predictors of dropout and barriers to adherence.

Background: Exercise Referral Schemes (ERS) are a prevalent method of increasing physical activity levels. However, they suffer from participant dropout and research predicting dropout or barriers to adherence are limited. This study aimed to focus upon the effect of referral characteristics on dropout, dropout predictors and whether self-reported barriers to exercise predict dropout.

The integration of brain dissection within the medical neuroscience laboratory enhances learning.

The purpose of this study was to design a one-hour brain dissection protocol for a medical neuroscience course and evaluate the short and long-term effects of its implementation on medical students. First-year medical students (n = 166) participated in a brain dissection activity that included dissection of the basal nuclei and associated deep brain structures. Short-term retention was assessed by administering identical pre- and post-activity tests involving identification of brain structures.

Potential role for ET-2 acting through ETA receptors in experimental colitis in mice.

Objective And Design: This study attempted to clarify the roles of endothelins and mechanisms associated with ET/ET receptors in mouse models of colitis.

Materials And Methods: Colitis was induced by intracolonic administration of 2,4,6-trinitrobenzene sulfonic acid (TNBS, 1.5 mg/animal) or dextran sulfate sodium (DSS, 3%).

Transplantation of Human Skin-Derived Mesenchymal Stromal Cells Improves Locomotor Recovery After Spinal Cord Injury in Rats.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurologic disorder with significant impacts on quality of life, life expectancy, and economic burden. Although there are no fully restorative treatments yet available, several animal and small-scale clinical studies have highlighted the therapeutic potential of cellular interventions for SCI. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs)-which are conventionally isolated from the bone marrow-recently emerged as promising candidates for treating SCI and have been shown to provide trophic support, ameliorate inflammatory responses, and reduce cell death following the mechanical trauma.

How the Integration of Pathology in the Gross Anatomy Laboratory Affects Medical Students.

Problem: The main objective of this project was to integrate pathologists into the gross anatomy laboratory setting to increase the exposure that early medical students receive to pathologists as clinicians.

Intervention: Pathologists visited the gross anatomy laboratory 3 times throughout the 15-week course to assist medical students in determining the cause of death of the cadaver being dissected.

Context: This intervention was implemented with 1st-semester medical students for 2 consecutive years (a total of 100 dissection teams consisting of 4 students in each team).

Inhibition of spinal c-Jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) improves locomotor activity of spinal cord injured rats.

Mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) have been implicated in central nervous system injuries, yet the roles within neurodegeneration following spinal cord injury (SCI) still remain partially elucidated. We aimed to investigate the changes in expression of the three MAPKs following SCI and the role of spinal c-jun-NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) in motor impairment following the lesion. SCI induced at the T9 level resulted in enhanced expression of phosphorylated MAPKs shortly after trauma.

Lipoxin A4 inhibits microglial activation and reduces neuroinflammation and neuropathic pain after spinal cord hemisection.

Background: Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a severe neurological disorder with many disabling consequences, including persistent neuropathic pain, which develops in about 40 % of SCI patients and is induced and sustained by excessive and uncontrolled spinal neuroinflammation. Here, we have evaluated the effects of lipoxin A4 (LXA4), a member of a unique class of endogenous lipid mediators with both anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties, on spinal neuroinflammation and chronic pain in an experimental model of SCI.

Methods: Spinal hemisection at T10 was carried out in adult male CD1 mice and Wistar rats.

Neuropathic pain induced by spinal cord injury: Role of endothelin ETA and ETB receptors.

Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a devastating neurologic disorder that often inflicts neuropathic pain, which further impacts negatively on the patient's quality of life. Endothelin peptides, which exert their effects via endothelin A (ETAR) and endothelin B (ETBR) receptors, can contribute to sensory changes associated with inflammatory and neuropathic pain, but their role in nociception following SCI is unknown. At different time points after subjecting male Wistar rats to surgery for compression-induced T10 level SCI, the spinal cord levels of ETAR and ETBR were assessed by Western blot and immunohistochemistry, and the corresponding mRNAs by real-time PCR, alongside recordings of behavioural responses to mechanical stimulation of the hind paws with von Frey hairs.

Assessment of Energy Intake and Energy Expenditure of Male Adolescent Academy-Level Soccer Players during a Competitive Week.

This study investigated the energy intake and expenditure of professional adolescent academy-level soccer players during a competitive week. Over a seven day period that included four training days, two rest days and a match day, energy intake (self-reported weighed food diary and 24-h recall) and expenditure (tri-axial accelerometry) were recorded in 10 male players from a professional English Premier League club. The mean macronutrient composition of the dietary intake was 318 ± 24 g·day(-1) (5.

Postmortem Aortic Dissection: An Artifact of the Embalming Process.

Aortic dissection (AD) is a serious condition that affects 3/100,000 individuals a year. Recently, a case report was published describing an embalmed patient with an aortic dissection. The purpose of this study was to examine the frequency of AD among 80 embalmed cadavers and confirm the AD with histopathologic evaluation.