Characterization of human spermatogonial stem cell markers in fetal, pediatric, and adult testicular tissues.

Autologous spermatogonial stem cell (SSC) transplantation is a potential therapeutic modality for patients with azoospermia following cancer treatment. For this promise to be realized, definitive membrane markers of prepubertal and adult human SSCs must be characterized in order to permit SSC isolation and subsequent expansion. This study further characterizes the markers of male gonocytes, prespermatogonia, and SSCs in humans.

A CD44⁻/CD24⁺ phenotype is a poor prognostic marker in early invasive breast cancer.

A CD44(-)/CD24(+) phenotype is a poor prognostic marker in early invasive breast cancer. Breast cancer cells with high CD44 and low or absent CD24 (i.e.