Does orthodontic treatment using fixed appliances cause initial caries lesions?

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials (RCTs), non-randomized studies of intervention (NRSIs), cohort and cross-sectional studies. The systematic review was registered in advance on PROSPERO, and was conducted following the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews of Interventions and PRISMA checklist.

Data Sources: An electronic search in three databases (PubMed, Scopus, and Embase) was conducted by two authors to evaluate studies published from 1990 until May 2023.