Dual orexin receptor antagonists as promising therapeutics for Alzheimer's disease.

We examine the relationship between sleep, glymphatics and Alzheimer's disease (AD), and recent work questioning glymphatic clearance during sleep. We highlight a need for understanding glymphatic and/or other mechanism of clearance during sleep, and review glymphatic flow measurement methods. Further, we explore dual orexin receptor antagonists (DORAs) potential to mitigate AD sleep disturbances and enhance clearance.

Enhancement of growth and ferrous iron oxidation rates of T. Ferrooxidans by electrochemical reduction of ferric iron.

Thiobacillus ferrooxidans, the bacterium most widely used; in bioleaching or microbial desulfurization studies, was grown in an electrolytic bioreactor containing a synthetic, ferrous sulfate medium. Passage of current through the medium reduced the bacterially generated ferric iron to the ferrous iron substrate. When used in conjunction with an inoculum that had been adapted to the electrolytic growth conditions, this technique increased the protein (cell) concentration by 3.

Electrophoretic control of concentration polarization in membrane plasmapheresis.

Membrane plasmapheresis is the separation of plasma from whole blood using microfiltration membranes. A major operating problem of membrane plasmapheresis is concentration polarization, the buildup of retained cells or solutes on the membrane surface. In this study, an electric field was used to control concentration polarization by transporting the negatively charged cells and solutes away from the membrane surface.

Immunosuppression by a mouse tumor resembles antigenic competition.

The intraperitoneal injection of gamma-radiated, UV-radiated, or unradiated P-815 tumor cells into syngeneic or allogeneic mice suppressed the immune response to a subsequent intraperitoneal injection of sheep erythrocytes in a manner similar to the suppression caused by the injection of manner similar to the suppression caused by the injection of horse erythrocytes and termed antigenic competition. In both cases, the greatest suppression occurred when the sheep erythrocytes were injected at the same site (intraperitoneal) as the tumor or antigen several days after the tumor or antigen and in a dose of 10(8) erythrocytes or less.

Activation of transplant immunity: effect of donor leukocytes on thyroid allograft rejection.

The survival of thyroid allografts in mice was prolonged by either holding the grafts in vitro culture for 20 to 27 days or by cobalt-60 irradiation of the donor 2 days before transplantation with or without the intravenous injection of colloidal carbon just before removing the thyroid from the donor. In both cases the rejection process was restored by an intravenous injection of recipients with living peritoneal exudate cells (50 to 80 percent macrophages) syngeneic to the thyroid donor.

Antigenic competition: cellular or humoral.

The injection of one antigen into mice inhibited the response to a second when 1 to 10 days separated the two injections. When the same type of inhibition was attempted in gamma-irradiated mice reconstituted with normal spleen cells, the inhibition was greater in mice receiving 50 million spleen cells than in those receiving 10 million. The results are interpreted as favoring a humoral mechanism of inhibition.

THE LACK OF SELECTIVE REINCORPORATION INTO TISSUE PROTEIN OF THE AMINO ACIDS DERIVED FROM THE CATABOLISM OF SERUM PROTEIN.

Homologous S(35)-labeled albumin, gamma globulin, and alpha-beta globulin were transfused into rabbits and the specific activities of the electrophoretic fractions of the sera of the recipients were determined at various time intervals up to 12 days after injection. Detectable reincorporation into a fraction other than that transfused was found only in the gamma globulin fraction after albumin injection. This activity rose between 2 and 12 days and reached a level of 2 to 3 per cent of the extrapolated zero time activity of the albumin fraction.