Copper(II)-Catalyzed Amination of Aryl Chlorides in Aqueous Ammonia.

Anilines are ubiquitous in bio-active compounds and their synthesis can be achieved via metal-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions involving aryl halides. We describe an unusual, yet simple, Cu-catalyzed system for the amination of aryl chlorides in pure aqueous ammonia with 2.5 mol % catalyst loading under non-inert conditions.

Recent developments of in-vessel calibration of mid-IR cameras at JET.

Recent improvements in software tools and methodology have allowed us to perform a more comprehensive in-vessel calibration for all mid-infrared camera systems at JET. A comparison of experimental methods to calculate the non-uniformity correction is described as well as the linearity for the different camera systems. Measurements of the temperature are assessed for the different diagnostics.

A rotating directional probe for the measurements of fast ion losses and plasma rotation at Tokamak Experiment for Technology Oriented Research.

This work discusses a new directional probe designed for measurements of fast ion losses and the plasma rotation with a high angular resolution in magnetically confined plasmas. Directional and especially Mach probes are commonly used diagnostics for plasma flow measurements, and their applicability for the fast ion losses detection has been demonstrated. A limitation of static Mach probes is their low angular resolution.

Experimental observation of a magnetic-turbulence threshold for runaway-electron generation in the TEXTOR tokamak.

Magnetic turbulence is observed at the beginning of the current quench in intended TEXTOR disruptions. Runaway electron (RE) suppression has been experimentally found at magnetic turbulence larger than a certain threshold. Below this threshold, the generated RE current is inversely proportional to the level of magnetic turbulence.

Magnetic topology changes induced by lower hybrid waves and their profound effect on edge-localized modes in the EAST tokamak.

Strong mitigation of edge-localized modes has been observed on Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak, when lower hybrid waves (LHWs) are applied to H-mode plasmas with ion cyclotron resonant heating. This has been demonstrated to be due to the formation of helical current filaments flowing along field lines in the scrape-off layer induced by LHW. This leads to the splitting of the outer divertor strike points during LHWs similar to previous observations with resonant magnetic perturbations.

Upgrade of the infrared camera diagnostics for the JET ITER-like wall divertor.

For the new ITER-like wall at JET, two new infrared diagnostics (KL9B, KL3B) have been installed. These diagnostics can operate between 3.5 and 5 μm and up to sampling frequencies of ∼20 kHz.

Sleep-disordered breathing symptoms among African-Americans in the Jackson Heart Study.

Background: Sleep-disordered breathing (SDB) is an increasingly recognized risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD). Limited data are available from large African American cohorts.

Methods: We examined the prevalence, burden, and correlates of sleep symptoms suggestive of SDB and risk for obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in the Jackson Heart Study (JHS), an all-African-American cohort of 5301 adults.

Diffusion in a collisional standard map.

Test particle evaluation of the diffusion coefficient in the presence of magnetic field fluctuations and binary collisions is presented. Chaotic magnetic field lines originate from resonant magnetic perturbations (RMPs). To lowest order, charged particles follow magnetic field lines.

Placebo-controlled, randomized, evaluator-blinded endoscopy study of risedronate vs. aspirin in healthy postmenopausal women.

Background: Bisphosphonates are effective treatments for osteoporosis. Since some primary amino bisphosphonates are associated with oesophageal injury, we conducted a study of the upper gastrointestinal effects of risedronate, a pyridinyl bisphosphonate.

Methods: Healthy, postmenopausal women received risedronate 5 mg (n=26), aspirin 2600 mg (n=27), or placebo (n=27) daily for 14 days and underwent endoscopy at baseline, Day 8 and Day 15.

Specific inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 with MK-0966 is associated with less gastroduodenal damage than either aspirin or ibuprofen.

Background: Compared with currently available NSAIDs (which inhibit COX-1 and COX-2 isoforms of cyclooxygenase), MK-0966 (a specific COX-2 inhibitor) is expected to cause less gastrointestinal toxicity.

Aim: To compare the effect on the upper gastrointestinal mucosae of a high dose of MK-0966 with that of conventional doses of ibuprofen and aspirin.

Methods: Healthy subjects (n = 170; age range 18-54 years) with endoscopically normal gastric and duodenal mucosa were randomized to either MK-0966 250 mg q.

Effects of alendronate on gastric and duodenal mucosa.

Objectives: This single-center, double-blind, randomized study assessed the effect of alendronate 5 and 10 mg on the gastroduodenal mucosa.

Methods: Overall, 95 postmenopausal women without a recent history of major upper gastrointestinal (GI) disease and not taking gastric-irritant drugs, were screened with an upper GI endoscopy. Fourteen women (15% of the total) were found to have baseline endoscopic gastric and/or duodenal abnormalities, including mucosal hemorrhages (n = 4), erosions (n = 11), and ulcers (n = 3).

Cytochemical localization of guanylate cyclase in photoreceptor cells of the mouse.

Background: Light-stimulated excitation causes a decrease of the cGMP concentration in vertebrate photoreceptor cells. The cGMP content is restored by the catalytic action of a guanylate cyclase (EC 4.6.

Interaction of guanosine 5'-triphosphate binding protein Gq from Sepia officinalis with illuminated rhodopsin bound to concanavalin A.

The heterotrimeric guanosine 5'-triphosphate (GTP)-binding protein Gq was suggested to couple the light receptor rhodopsin with the effector phospholipase C in visual cells of invertebrates. We indirectly linked Gq from Sepia officinalis to a concanavalin A-sepharose column via rhodopsin. Rhodopsin had been solubilized previously with 10 mM n-dodecyl-beta-maltoside from the purified photosensory membrane under illumination.

Heterogeneous ultrastructure of melanosome formation in the goldfish induced by osmotic stress.

In this study, melanophore cytodifferentiation in the fins of xanthic goldfish that had been exposed to osmotic stress for 18 days was investigated. It was found that multi-vesicular bodies (MVB) are not the only type of premelanosome. Granules having a homogeneous matrix also function as premelanosomes.

Immunoelectron-microscopic study of G-protein distribution in photoreceptor cells of the cephalopod Sepia officinalis.

Previous studies suggest that more than one single light-stimulated transduction pathway seems to be present in photoreceptor cells of invertebrates. Accordingly, more than one light-dependent G-protein has been detected in squid photoreceptor cells. Two different antibodies were used to locate the distribution of G-proteins in Sepia photoreceptors.

On the Ca(2+)-dependence of inositol-phospholipid-specific phospholipase C of microvillar photoreceptors from Sepia officinalis.

The breakdown of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) by the action of a phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase C is a key event in the signal transduction mechanism of microvillar photoreceptors. The enzymatic activity of phospholipase C from photoreceptor cell membranes of the cuttlefish Sepia officinalis was measured at different concentrations of free calcium. A bell-shaped curve with a maximum of enzyme activity at about 0.

Cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase: cytochemical localization in photoreceptor cells of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala.

The distribution of cyclic 3',5'-nucleotide phosphodiesterase activity was determined in photoreceptor cells of the fly Calliphora erythrocephala. With cAMP as substrate, staining was most intense within the phototransducing region of these cells, the rhabdomeral microvilli and also in the extracellular space surrounding the microvilli and in the mitochondria. With cGMP as substrate, the intensity within the rhabdomeres was less marked, while their extracellular surroundings were stained heavily.

Isolation of the rhabdomeral microvillar cytoskeleton of the crayfish (Orconectes limosus) photoreceptor by a crosslinking reagent.

1. Rhabdomeral microvilli of photoreceptor cells of invertebrates contain a labile central cytoskeleton. For stabilization of the rhabdomeral cytoskeleton of the crayfish Orconectes limosus the crosslinking reagent suberic acid bis (N-hydroxysuccinimide ester) was used.

Endoscopic comparison of cimetidine and sucralfate for prevention of naproxen-induced acute gastroduodenal injury. Effect of scoring method.

Nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drug-induced gastroduodenal mucosal damage observed endoscopically is usually categorized as hemorrhages, erosions, or ulcerations. We undertook this study to determine whether the injury produced by a commonly prescribed NSAID, naproxen, could be reduced by cotherapy with sucralfate or cimetidine and to determine how dependent the differences in the degree of protection against mucosal injury measured were on the scoring system used. Four groups of 20 healthy volunteers with endoscopically normal gastric and duodenal mucosa received naproxen (500 mg twice a day) plus cimetidine (300 mg four times a day or 400 mg twice a day), sucralfate (1 g four times a day), or placebo for seven days.

An endoscopic comparison of the gastroduodenal injury seen with salsalate and naproxen.

Forty endoscopically normal healthy subjects were randomized to receive either BID salsalate (3500 mg/day) or BID naproxen (750 mg/day) for 14 days followed by repeat endoscopic examination. Gastroduodenal lesions were found in 55% (11/20) of the subjects taking naproxen, and 10% (2/20) of those taking salsalate (p = 0.002).

The effect of bismuth subsalicylate on the histologic gastritis seen with Campylobacter pylori: a placebo-controlled, randomized study.

In order to assess whether bismuth subsalicylate (BSS) clears Campylobacter pylori and whether this clearance is associated with improvement in histologic gastritis, 20 patients with antral biopsies colonized by C. pylori were randomized to treatment with 30 ml of BSS (525 mg) or placebo q.i.