Impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the consumption patterns of psychotropic drugs and predictors of limited access to medication.

Background: Despite the efforts of the health system to improve access to medications during the coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, such as online consultations, encouraging generic prescriptions, and other measures to limit the storage of medication, psychotropic patients faced significant challenges in accessing their medications.

Objectives: This study aimed (1) to compare the consumption of psychotropics before and during the pandemic, (2) to assess the association between having difficulties finding the medications and the general characteristics of the patients, and (3) to assess the predictors of these difficulties.

Design: A case-control study was performed in which 128 patients (cases) were recruited during the pandemic (July-October 2021), and 256 patients (controls) using psychotropics before the pandemic were matched for age and sex.

Epidemiology of Respiratory Pathogens in Children with Severe Acute Respiratory Infection and Impact of the Multiplex PCR Film Array Respiratory Panel: A 2-Year Study.

Sever acute respiratory infections (SARIs) are a public health issue that are common in children and are associated with an important morbidity and mortality rate worldwide. Although SARI are mainly caused by viruses, they are still a cause of antibiotic overuse. The use of molecular methods especially real-time multiplex PCR allowed to detect a wide range of respiratory viruses and their subtype as well as some atypical bacteria.

[A primitive plasma cell leukemia with immunoglobulin (Ig) E].

We report here a case of primitive plasma cell leukemia with immunoglobulin (Ig) E. IgE myeloma is an exceptional variant of multiple myeloma, with a very poor prognosis. Its biological diagnosis requires specific analyzes in order to detect IgE gammopathy.

IgD-λ multiple myeloma with excessive excretion of free light chains: a diagnostic trap in the identification of monoclonal gammopathies.

Immunoglobulin D multiple myeloma (IgD MM) is a rare entity of monoclonal gammopathies. We report the case of a IgD MM, associated with excessive excretion of lambda free light chains (FLL λ) diagnosed and managed at the University Hospital Mohammed VI of Marrakech among an adult hospitalized in the hematology department for bone pain and alteration of the general condition. Indeed, IgD MM is characterized by its clinical severity and poor prognosis.

[Non-type b Haemophilus influenzae: a rare cause of meningitis in an infant with a guarded prognosis].

Non-Type b Haemophilus is a rare cause of invasive secondary localization in young children. We here report the case of a child aged 11 months old who had Meningitis due to Non-Type b Haemophilus, a gram -negative bacilli of polymorphous appearance still exceptionally described in the literature, whose origin was undetermined and whose evolution was fatal. Clinicians and microbiologists should suspect the presence of these infrequent serotypes, especially on a particular case.

[Pulmonary hydatid cyst: unusual double apical location. About a case].

Hydatid cyst (KH) is still endemic in several areas of Morocco. Pulmonary involvement is a consequence of liver disease. Hydatid cyst is characterized by diverse anatomical and clinical presentations and by the possibility of multiple locations within the lung parenchyma, predominantly involving pulmonary bases.

[Pulmonary Langerhans' cell histiocytosis (PLCH) revealed by pneumothorax: about a case].

Langerhans cell histiocytosis is a rare disease of unknown etiology characterized by the infiltration of Langerhans cells in one or more organs. It has a polymorphic clinical presentation. We report the case of Mr R.

Comparison of radiograph-based texture analysis and bone mineral density with three-dimensional microarchitecture of trabecular bone.

Purpose: Hip fracture is a serious health problem and textural methods are being developed to assess bone quality. The authors aimed to perform textural analysis at femur on high-resolution digital radiographs compared to three-dimensional (3D) microarchitecture comparatively to bone mineral density.

Methods: Sixteen cadaveric femurs were imaged with an x-ray device using a C-MOS sensor.

Molecular and cellular mechanisms elucidating neurocognitive basis of functional impairments associated with intellectual disability in Down syndrome.

Down syndrome, the most common genetic cause of intellectual disability, is associated with brain disorders due to chromosome 21 gene overdosage. Molecular and cellular mechanisms involved in the neuromorphological alterations and cognitive impairments are reported herein in a global model. Recent advances in Down syndrome research have lead to the identification of altered molecular pathways involved in intellectual disability, such as Calcineurin/NFATs pathways, that are of crucial importance in understanding the molecular basis of intellectual disability pathogenesis in this syndrome.

A quantitative assessment of gene expression (QAGE) reveals differential overexpression of DOPEY2, a candidate gene for mental retardation, in Down syndrome brain regions.

The brain alterations and mental retardation in Down syndrome are associated with overdosage of chromosome 21 genes. To shed light on the understanding of the molecular effect of this genetic overdosage, gene expression studies have crucial importance to quantify expression variations in Down syndrome tissues compared to normal ones. Herein, an in situ Quantitative Assessment of Gene Expression (QAGE) was used to quantify and statistically analyze, for the first time, DOPEY2 expression variations in different regions of the Down syndrome human fetal brains and to compare them to corresponding normal brains.

[The challenges of the bone micro-architecture].

Osteoporosis is a bone disorder that leads to increased fracture risk. It was defined by the World Health Organisation as a decrease of bone mass and a deterioration of bone quality. In clinical practice, the diagnosis of osteoporosis is based on bone mineral density (BMD) measurements assessed by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry.

Laws' masks descriptors applied to bone texture analysis: an innovative and discriminant tool in osteoporosis.

Objective: The objective of this study was to explore Laws' masks analysis to describe structural variations of trabecular bone due to osteoporosis on high-resolution digital radiographs and to check its dependence on the spatial resolution. Laws' masks are well established as one of the best methods for texture analysis in image processing and are used in various applications, but not in bone tissue characterisation. This method is based on masks that aim to filter the images.

New cerebellar phenotypes in YAC transgenic mouse in vivo library of human Down syndrome critical region-1.

Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation (MR) associated with neurological alterations. To allow a genetic dissection of DS phenotype, we studied eight transgenic mouse lines carrying YACs containing human DNA fragments covering DS critical region (DCR-1), as an in vivo library. Herein, we found an increased brain size in the 152F7-mice containing DYRK1A gene.

Mental retardation and associated neurological dysfunctions in Down syndrome: a consequence of dysregulation in critical chromosome 21 genes and associated molecular pathways.

Down syndrome (DS), affecting 1/700 live births, is the major genetic cause of mental retardation (MR), a cognitive disorder with hard impact on public health. DS brain is characterized by a reduced cerebellar volume and number of granular cells, defective cortical lamination and reduced cortical neurons, malformed dendritic trees and spines, and abnormal synapses. These neurological alterations, also found in trisomic mouse models, result from gene-dosage effects of Human Chromosome 21 (HC21) on the expression of critical developmental genes.

Mental retardation in Down syndrome: from gene dosage imbalance to molecular and cellular mechanisms.

Down syndrome (DS), the most frequent genetic disorder leading to mental retardation (MR), is caused by three copies of human chromosome 21 (HC21). Trisomic and transgenic mouse models for DS allow genetic dissection of DS neurological and cognitive disorders in view to identify genes responsible for these phenotypes. The effects of the gene dosage imbalance on DS phenotypes are explained by two hypotheses: the "gene dosage effect" hypothesis claims that a DS critical region, containing a subset of dosage-sensitive genes, determines DS phenotypes, and the "amplified developmental instability" hypothesis holds that HC21 trisomy determines general alteration in developmental homeostasis.

Differential transcription of Barhl1 homeobox gene in restricted functional domains of the central nervous system suggests a role in brain patterning.

The mouse Barhl1 homeogene, member of the BarH subfamily, play a crucial role in the cerebellum development and its human ortholog BARHL1 has been proposed as a positional and functional candidate gene for the Joubert syndrome, a form of cerebellar ataxia. The Barhl1 expression has been demonstrated to be induced by the transcription factor Math1 involved in BMP responses. We isolated the mouse Barhl1 by screening of a cDNA library with the Xenopus Xvent-2, member of the BarH subfamily, which acts in the BMP4 pathway during embryonic patterning and neural plate differentiation.

[Complication of tracheal intubation: severe cervical cellulitis].

A 40-year-old man, victim of a traffic accident has been hospitalized for a severe head trauma. His trachea has been intubated under general anaesthesia with an 8.0 mm ID tube (Vygon).

BARHL1 homeogene, the human ortholog of the mouse Barhl1 involved in cerebellum development, shows regional and cellular specificities in restricted domains of developing human central nervous system.

The mouse homeobox gene Barhl1 plays a central role in cerebellum development and its expression is activated by the transcription factor Math1 which is involved in bone morphogenetic protein response pathways. We studied the human ortholog BARHL1 and we found that human, mouse, monkey, rat, and zebrafish orthologs were highly conserved and are members of the BarH homeogene family, containing Drosophila BarH1 and BarH2. The N-terminus of BARHL1 protein presents two FIL domains and an acidic domain rich in serine/threonine and proline, while the C-terminus contains a canonical proline-rich domain.

C21orf5, a new member of Dopey family involved in morphogenesis, could participate in neurological alterations and mental retardation in Down syndrome.

Availability of the human genome sequence promises important progress in the understanding of human pathologies, particularly for multifactorial diseases. Among these, Down syndrome (DS) is the most frequent genetic cause of mental retardation. A critical region of chromosome 21, the Down syndrome Chromosomal Region-1 (DCR-1), is responsible for many features of the DS phenotype including mental retardation.

C21orf5, a human candidate gene for brain abnormalities and mental retardation in Down syndrome.

Mental retardation represents the more invalidating pathological aspect of trisomy 21 and has a hard impact on public health. The dosage imbalance of chromosome 21 genes could be the cause of neurological alterations and mental retardation seen in Down syndrome. We studied C21orf5 that we have demonstrated to be overexpressed in Down syndrome tissues, as a candidate gene for trisomy 21.

Virus-like particle formation in Drosophila melanogaster germ cells suggests a complex translational regulation of the retrotransposon cycle and new mechanisms inhibiting transposition.

Transposition of 1731, a Drosophila melanogaster LTR retrotransposon, was investigated in reproductive organs by RNA, protein and VLP distribution during its life cycle. We detected 1731 transcription in oogonia but not in spermatogonia; in all cells during oogenesis but only in primary spermatocytes; and in ovarian cytoplasm but both in nuclei and cytoplasm of primary spermatocytes. By confocal scanning, we showed that whereas Gag protein appeared in all cytoplasms during oogenesis, in testes Gag detection began in late premeiotic primary spermatocytes and increased in elongating spermatids suggesting distinct mechanisms of 1731 transcription and translation regulation.

Spatial and temporal localization during embryonic and fetal human development of the transcription factor SIM2 in brain regions altered in Down syndrome.

Human SIM2 is the ortholog of Drosophila single-minded (sim), a master regulator of neurogenesis and transcriptional factor controlling midline cell fate determination. We previously localized SIM2 in a chromosome 21 critical region for Down syndrome (DS). Here, we studied SIM2 gene using a new approach to provide insights in understanding of its potential role in human development.

The differentially expressed C21orf5 gene in the medial temporal-lobe system could play a role in mental retardation in Down syndrome and transgenic mice.

Mental retardation represents the more invalidating pathological aspect of Down syndrome, DS, and has a hard impact in public health. Modifications in DS brain, concerning abnormal size, neuronal differentiation, and cell density, cause changes in the neurophysiology and behavior of DS patients, and could be determined by dosage imbalance of genes localized in the DS critical region, DCR. Among these genes, C21orf5 showed high homology with Caenorhabditis elegans Pad1 involved in cellular differentiation and patterning.

Characterization of the dCaMKII-GAL4 driver line whose expression is controlled by the Drosophila Ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II promoter.

Transgenic flies that can drive GAL4 expression under the control of the 7 kb 5'-region of the Drosophila Ca(2+)/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase II (dCaMKII) gene (dCaMKII-GAL4) were established. Characteristic features of this dCaMKII-GAL4 driven reporter expression were compatible with the endogenous dCaMKII expression pattern: The dCaMKII-GAL4 driven reporter gene was expressed preferentially in the central nervous system of the embryo and larvae. Reporter expression was also observed in the brain, thoracic ganglion, and gut of the adult.