Expresser phenotype determines ABO(H) blood group antigen loading on platelets and von Willebrand factor.

ABO blood group is associated with cardiovascular disease, with significantly lower risk in blood group O individuals. ABO(H) blood group determinants are expressed on different glycoproteins on platelet surfaces. In addition, ABO(H) structures are also present on VWF glycans.

HbA1c variability in adults with type 1 diabetes on continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy compared to multiple daily injection (MDI) treatment.

Objective: To determine if continuous subcutaneous insulin infusion (CSII) therapy is associated with lower glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) variability (long-term glycaemic variability; GV) relative to multiple daily injection (MDI) treatment in adults with type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM).

Design: Retrospective audit.

Setting And Participants: Clinic records from 506 adults with T1DM from two tertiary Australian hospitals.

Checkpoint Inhibitor-Associated Autoimmune Diabetes Is Distinct From Type 1 Diabetes.

Context: Checkpoint inhibitor-associated autoimmune diabetes mellitus (CIADM) is a rare illness, and little is known about its incidence, clinical features, or pathogenesis.

Case Series Description: Consecutive patients from a single quaternary melanoma center who developed new-onset insulin-requiring diabetes after commencing anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) immunotherapy were studied to describe CIADM characteristics. Ten (1.

Large-for-Gestational-Age Neonates in Type 1 Diabetes and Pregnancy: Contribution of Factors Beyond Hyperglycemia.

Despite significant reductions in serious adverse perinatal outcomes for women with type 1 diabetes in pregnancy, the opposite effect has been observed for fetal overgrowth and associated complications, such as neonatal hypoglycemia, shoulder dystocia, and admission to the neonatal intensive care unit. In addition, infants born large for gestational age (LGA) have an increased lifetime risk of obesity, diabetes, and chronic disease. Although exposure to hyperglycemia plays an important role, women who seemingly achieve adequate glycemic control in pregnancy continue to experience a greater risk of excess fetal growth, leading to LGA neonates and macrosomia.

Role of DOTATATE-PET/CT in preoperative assessment of phaeochromocytoma and paragangliomas.

Context: Diagnosis of paragangliomas (PGL) and phaeochromocytomas (PC) can be challenging particularly if the tumour is small. Detection of metastatic disease is important for comprehensive management of malignant PC/PGL. Somatostatin receptor imaging (SRI) agents have high sensitivity for these tumours, particularly the DOTA family of radiopharmaceuticals labelled with Gallium.

Utility of the Hospital Admission Risk Programme diabetes risk calculator in identifying patients with type 2 diabetes at risk of unplanned hospital presentations.

Background: Prevention of hospitalisation is an important aspect of type 2 diabetes (T2D) management.

Aims: We retrospectively determined the utility of the Hospital Admission Risk Programme (HARP) diabetes risk calculator (HARP tool) in identifying patients with T2D more likely to have unplanned hospital presentations.

Methods: The HARP tool includes a clinical assessment score (Part A) and a psychosocial and self-management impact score (Part B), and categorises patients into low, medium, high or urgent risk of acute hospitalisation.

Suboptimal behaviour and knowledge regarding overnight glycaemia in adults with type 1 diabetes is common.

Background: In people with type 1 diabetes (T1D), nocturnal hypoglycaemia (NH) can be slept through and can cause seizures, arrhythmias and death. Hypoglycaemia avoidance can induce hyperglycaemia and ketosis. Patient behaviour impacts clinical outcomes and may be changed by education.

Outcomes for Women with Gestational Diabetes Treated with Metformin: A Retrospective, Case-Control Study.

Metformin is increasingly being used a therapeutic option for the management of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM). The aim of this study was to compare the maternal characteristics and perinatal outcomes of women with GDM treated with metformin (with or without supplemental insulin) with those receiving other management approaches. A retrospective, case-control study was carried out and 83 women taking metformin were matched 1:1 with women receiving insulin or diet and lifestyle modification alone.

Identification of Patients With Diabetes Who Benefit Most From a Health Coaching Program in Chronic Disease Management, Sydney, Australia, 2013.

Introduction: Chronic disease management programs (CDMPs) that include health coaching can facilitate and coordinate diabetes management. The aim of this study was to assess changes in patients' general knowledge of diabetes, self-reported health status, diabetes distress, body mass index (BMI), and glycemic control after enrollment in a face-to-face CDMP group health coaching session (with telephone follow-up) compared with participation in telephone-only health coaching, during a 12-month period.

Methods: Patients with diabetes were enrolled in a health coaching program at Royal North Shore Hospital, Sydney, Australia, in 2013.

The renal consequences of maternal obesity in offspring are overwhelmed by postnatal high fat diet.

Aims/hypothesis: Developmental programming induced by maternal obesity influences the development of chronic disease in offspring. In the present study, we aimed to determine whether maternal obesity exaggerates obesity-related kidney disease.

Methods: Female C57BL/6 mice were fed high-fat diet (HFD) for six weeks prior to mating, during gestation and lactation.

Impact of obesity and epicardial fat on early left atrial dysfunction assessed by cardiac MRI strain analysis.

Background: Diastolic dysfunction is a major cause of morbidity in obese individuals. We aimed to assess the ability of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) derived left atrial (LA) strain to detect early diastolic dysfunction in individuals with obesity and type 2 diabetes, and to explore the association between cardiac adipose tissue and LA function.

Methods: Twenty patients with obesity and T2D (55 ± 8 years) and nineteen healthy controls (48 ± 13 years) were imaged using cine steady state free precession and 2-point Dixon cardiovascular magnetic resonance.

Mouse Models of Diabetes, Obesity and Related Kidney Disease.

Multiple rodent models have been used to study diabetic kidney disease (DKD). The purpose of the present study was to compare models of diabetes and obesity-induced metabolic syndrome and determine differences in renal outcomes. C57BL/6 male mice were fed either normal chow or high fat diet (HFD).

Use of metformin earlier in pregnancy predicts supplemental insulin therapy in women with gestational diabetes.

The use of metformin in gestational diabetes is safe and effective, yet some women require additional insulin therapy to achieve glycaemic targets. We found a significant association between earlier gestational age at initiation of metformin therapy and the necessity for supplemental insulin in women treated with metformin during pregnancy.

Maternal Obesity Promotes Diabetic Nephropathy in Rodent Offspring.

Maternal obesity is known to increase the risk of obesity and diabetes in offspring. Though diabetes is a key risk factor for the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD), the relationship between maternal obesity and CKD has not been clearly defined. In this study, a mouse model of maternal obesity was employed to determine the impact of maternal obesity on development of diabetic nephropathy in offspring.

Effect of GLP-1 Receptor Activation on Offspring Kidney Health in a Rat Model of Maternal Obesity.

Maternal obesity is associated with an increased risk of chronic disease in offspring, including type 2 diabetes (T2D). Exendin-4 (Exd-4) activates the glucagon like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor thereby decreasing serum glucose levels and body weight. In addition, Exd-4 has been shown to reduce renal and cardiac complications in experimental models of T2D.

Rationale and design of Short-Term EXenatide therapy in Acute ischaemic Stroke (STEXAS): a randomised, open-label, parallel-group study.

Introduction: Both hyperglycaemia and hypoglycaemia in acute ischaemic stroke (AIS) are associated with increased infarct size and worse functional outcomes. Thus, therapies that can maintain normoglycaemia during stroke are clinically important. Glucagon-like peptide 1 (GLP-1) analogues, including exenatide, are routinely used in the treatment of hyperglycaemia in type 2 diabetes, but data on the usefulness of this class of agents in the management of elevated glucose levels in AIS are limited.

Evaluation of Blood Glucose Meter Efficacy in an Antenatal Diabetes Clinic.

Background: The optimal treatment of diabetes in pregnancy requires accurate measurement of blood glucose levels, in order to minimize adverse outcomes for both mother and neonate. Self-monitoring of blood glucose is routinely used to measure glycemic control and to assess whether treatment targets are being met; however, the accuracy of blood glucose meters in pregnancy is unclear.

Materials And Methods: Pregnant women with gestational, type 1, or type 2 diabetes mellitus were eligible to participate.

Is there a role for an ultrasensitive thyroglobulin assay in patients with serum antithyroglobulin antibodies? A large (Australian) cohort study in differentiated thyroid cancer.

Objective: Serum thyroglobulin (Tg) is a marker of residual differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) after total thyroidectomy; however, circulating antithyroglobulin antibodies (TgAb) may interfere with the immunoassay for Tg. Ultrasensitive assays may have a more significant role in detecting circulating Tg in the context of samples containing TgAb. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utility of ultrasensitive thyroglobulin (US-Tg) measurement compared to standard Tg measurement and to assess the influence of serum TgAb positivity on Tg detection in a large tertiary referral centre cohort in Australia.

Altered glycosylation of platelet-derived von Willebrand factor confers resistance to ADAMTS13 proteolysis.

Platelet-von Willebrand factor (VWF) is stored within α-granules and accounts for ∼20% of total VWF in platelet-rich plasma. This platelet-VWF pool is distinct from plasma-VWF and is enriched in high molecular weight multimers (HMWM). Previous studies have described significant functional discrepancies between platelet-VWF and plasma-VWF; however, the molecular basis of these differences is not well understood.

Platelet von Willebrand factor--structure, function and biological importance.

Besides circulating in normal plasma, von Willebrand factor (VWF) is also stored at relatively high concentration within the alpha-granules of platelets. This pool of platelet VWF exists distinct from plasma VWF, and is enriched in haemostatically-active high molecular weight multimers. Interestingly, the glycosylation profile of platelet VWF differs significantly from that of plasma VWF.