The protective effect of vitamin B12 on neuropsychiatric symptoms in dementia-free older adults in a multi-ethnic population.

Background And Aims: Vitamin B12 deficiency has been associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS), but the relationship between vitamin B12 and NPS remains unclear prior to the onset of dementia. The study aims to examine the association between vitamin B12 and NPS in dementia-free Asian older adults.

Methods: This is a cross-sectional population-based study where multi-ethnic community-dwelling Asian participants (i.