Inhaled colistimethate sodium in patients with bronchiectasis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa infection: results of PROMIS-I and PROMIS-II, two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled phase 3 trials assessing safety and efficacy over 12 months.

Background: Chronic lung infection with Pseudomonas aeruginosa is associated with increased exacerbations and mortality in people with bronchiectasis. The PROMIS-I and PROMIS-II trials investigated the efficacy and safety of 12-months of inhaled colistimethate sodium delivered via the I-neb.

Methods: Two randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials of twice per day colistimethate sodium versus placebo were conducted in patients with bronchiectasis with P aeruginosa and a history of at least two exacerbations requiring oral antibiotics or one requiring intravenous antibiotics in the previous year in hospitals in Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Greece, Israel, Italy, Netherlands, New Zealand, Poland, Portugal, Spain, Switzerland, the UK, and the USA.

Implications of child poverty reduction targets for public health and health inequalities in England: a modelling study between 2024 and 2033.

Background: We investigated the potential impacts of child poverty (CP) reduction scenarios on population health and health inequalities in England between 2024 and 2033.

Methods: We combined aggregate local authority-level data with published and newly created estimates on the association between CP and the rate per 100 000 of infant mortality, children (aged <16) looked after, child (aged <16) hospitalisations for nutritional anaemia and child (aged <16) all-cause emergency hospital admissions. We modelled relative, absolute (per 100 000) and total (per total population) annual changes for these outcomes under three CP reduction scenarios between 2024 and 2033- (15% reduction), (25% reduction) and (35% reduction)-compared with a baseline CP scenario (15% increase).

Evaluating the influence of taxation and social security policies on psychological distress: A microsimulation study of the UK during the COVID-19 economic crisis.

Economic determinants are important for population health, but actionable evidence of how policies can utilise these pathways remains scarce. This study employs a microsimulation framework to evaluate the effects of taxation and social security policies on population mental health. The UK economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic provides an informative context involving an economic shock accompanied by one of the strongest discretionary fiscal responses amongst OECD countries.

Short-term impacts of Universal Basic Income on population mental health inequalities in the UK: A microsimulation modelling study.

Background: Population mental health in the United Kingdom (UK) has deteriorated, alongside worsening socioeconomic conditions, over the last decade. Policies such as Universal Basic Income (UBI) have been suggested as an alternative economic approach to improve population mental health and reduce health inequalities. UBI may improve mental health (MH), but to our knowledge, no studies have trialled or modelled UBI in whole populations.

Causal Assessment of Income Inequality on Self-Rated Health and All-Cause Mortality: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

Unlabelled: Policy Points Income is thought to impact a broad range of health outcomes. However, whether income inequality (how unequal the distribution of income is in a population) has an additional impact on health is extensively debated. Studies that use multilevel data, which have recently increased in popularity, are necessary to separate the contextual effects of income inequality on health from the effects of individual income on health.

Social media use and health risk behaviours in young people: systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objectives: To examine the association between social media use and health risk behaviours in adolescents (defined as those 10-19 years).

Design: Systematic review and meta-analysis.

Data Sources: EMBASE, Medline, APA PsycINFO, SocINDEX, CINAHL, SSRN, SocArXic, PsyArXiv, medRxiv, and Google Scholar (1 January 1997 to 6 June 2022).

OPTIMA: An Open-Label, Noncomparative Pilot Trial of Inhaled Molgramostim in Pulmonary Nontuberculous Mycobacterial Infection.

Inhaled granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF) has been proposed as a potential immunomodulatory treatment for nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infection. This open-label, noncomparative pilot trial investigated the efficacy and safety of inhaled GM-CSF (molgramostim nebulizer solution) in patients with predominantly treatment-refractory pulmonary NTM infection ( complex [MAC] and [MABS]), either in combination with ongoing guideline-based therapy (GBT) or as monotherapy in patients who had stopped GBT because of lack of efficacy or intolerability. Thirty-two adult patients with refractory NTM infection (MAC,  = 24; MABS,  = 8) were recruited into two cohorts: those with ( = 16) and without ( = 16) ongoing GBT.

A systematic review of the clinical impact of small colony variants in patients with cystic fibrosis.

Background: Cystic fibrosis (CF) is a life-limiting disorder that is characterised by respiratory tract inflammation that is mediated by a range of microbial pathogens. Small colony variants (SCVs) of common respiratory pathogens are being increasingly recognised in CF. The aim of this systematic review is to investigate the prevalence of SCVs, clinical characteristics and health outcomes for patients with CF, and laboratory diagnostic features of SCVs compared to non-small colony variants (NCVs) for a range of Gram-positive and Gram-negative respiratory pathogens.

Systems science methods in public health: what can they contribute to our understanding of and response to the cost-of-living crisis?

Background: Many complex public health evidence gaps cannot be fully resolved using only conventional public health methods. We aim to familiarise public health researchers with selected systems science methods that may contribute to a better understanding of complex phenomena and lead to more impactful interventions. As a case study, we choose the current cost-of-living crisis, which affects disposable income as a key structural determinant of health.

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria in Cystic Fibrosis in the Era of Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane Regulator Modulators.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are a group of mycobacteria which represent opportunistic pathogens that are of increasing concern in people with cystic fibrosis (pwCF). The acquisition has been traditionally though to be from environmental sources, though recent work has suggested clustered clonal infections do occur and transmission potential demonstrated among pwCF attending CF specialist centers. Guidelines for the screening, diagnosis, and identification of NTM and management of pwCF have been published.

Effects of poverty on mental health in the UK working-age population: causal analyses of the UK Household Longitudinal Study.

Background: Addressing poverty through taxation or welfare policies is likely important for public mental health; however, few studies assess poverty's effects using causal epidemiology. We estimated the effect of poverty on mental health.

Methods: We used data on working-age adults (25-64 years) from nine waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Survey (2009-19; n = 45 497/observations = 202 207 following multiple imputation).

To what extent does income explain the effect of unemployment on mental health? Mediation analysis in the UK Household Longitudinal Study.

Background: Employment and income are important determinants of mental health (MH), but the extent that unemployment effects are mediated by reduced income is unclear. We estimated the total effect (TE) of unemployment on MH and the controlled direct effect (CDE) not acting via income.

Methods: We included adults 25-64 years from nine waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study ( = 45 497/ = 202 297).

Does persistent precarious employment affect health outcomes among working age adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Objective: To evaluate the impact of persistent precarious employment (lasting 12+ months) on the health of working age adults, compared with more stable employment. Persistent precarity reflects a shift towards less secure forms of employment and may be particularly important for health.

Methods: Nine databases were systematically searched to identify quantitative studies that assessed the relationship between persistent precarious employment and health outcomes.

How do income changes impact on mental health and wellbeing for working-age adults? A systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: Lower incomes are associated with poorer mental health and wellbeing, but the extent to which income has a causal effect is debated. We aimed to synthesise evidence from studies measuring the impact of changes in individual and household income on mental health and wellbeing outcomes in working-age adults (aged 16-64 years).

Methods: For this systematic review and meta-analysis, we searched MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science, PsycINFO, ASSIA, EconLit, and RePEc on Feb 5, 2020, for randomised controlled trials (RCTs) and quantitative non-randomised studies.

Comparing population-level mental health of UK workers before and during the COVID-19 pandemic: a longitudinal study using Understanding Society.

Objectives: The COVID-19 pandemic has substantially affected workers' mental health. We investigated changes in UK workers' mental health by industry, socioeconomic class and occupation and differential effects by UK country of residence, gender and age.

Methods: We used representative Understanding Society data from 6474 adults (41 207 observations) in paid employment who participated in pre-pandemic (2017-2020) and at least one COVID-19 survey.

CD161 expression defines new human γδ T cell subsets.

γδ T cells are a highly versatile immune lineage involved in host defense and homeostasis, but questions remain around their heterogeneity, precise function and role during health and disease. We used multiparametric flow cytometry, dimensionality reduction, unsupervised clustering, and self-organizing maps (SOM) to identify novel γδ T cell naïve/memory subsets chiefly defined by CD161 expression levels, a surface membrane receptor that can be activating or suppressive. We used middle-to-old age individuals given immune blockade is commonly used in this population.

Carriage and Transmission of Macrolide Resistance Genes in Patients With Chronic Respiratory Conditions and Their Close Contacts.

Background: Long-term macrolide therapy has been shown to provide benefit to those with a range of chronic respiratory conditions. However, concerns remain about the impact of macrolide exposure on the carriage and abundance of antibiotic resistance genes within the oropharynx. The potential for onward transmission of resistance from macrolide recipients to their close contacts also is poorly understood.

Which is most important for mental health: Money, poverty, or paid work? A fixed-effects analysis of the UK Household Longitudinal Study.

Background: The relative importance of income, poverty and unemployment status for mental health is unclear, and understanding this has implications for income and welfare policy design. We aimed to assess the association between changes in these exposures and mental health.

Methods: We measured effects of three transition exposures between waves of the UK Household Longitudinal Study from 2010/11-2019/20 (n=38,697, obs=173,859): income decreases/increases, moving in/out of poverty, and job losses/gains.

Health of people experiencing co-occurring homelessness, imprisonment, substance use, sex work and/or severe mental illness in high-income countries: a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Background: People affected by homelessness, imprisonment, substance use, sex work or severe mental illness experience substantial excess ill health and premature death. Though these experiences often co-occur, health outcomes associated with their overlap have not previously been reviewed. We synthesised existing evidence on mortality, morbidity, self-rated health and quality of life among people affected by more than one of these experiences.

Influence of climate variables on the rising incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections in Queensland, Australia 2001-2016.

Unlabelled: International reports indicate a rising incidence of nontuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease. Many infectious diseases have seasonal variation in incidence, and major weather events and climate change have been implicated. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between climate variables and NTM incident cases in Queensland, Australia.

The Rise of Non-Tuberculosis Mycobacterial Lung Disease.

The incidence and number of deaths from non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) disease have been steadily increasing globally. These lesser known "cousins" of (TB) were once thought to be harmless environmental saprophytics and only dangerous to individuals with defective lung structure or the immunosuppressed. However, NTM are now commonly infecting seemingly immune competent children and adults at increasing rates through pulmonary infection.

Management of Australian Adults with Bronchiectasis in Tertiary Care: Evidence-Based or Access-Driven?

Purpose: Australian data regarding the management of patients with bronchiectasis is scarce. We sought to compare the management of adults with bronchiectasis attending tertiary Australian centres with recent national and international guidelines.

Methods: The Australian Bronchiectasis Registry is a centralised database of patients with radiologically confirmed bronchiectasis unrelated to cystic fibrosis recruited from 14 tertiary Australian hospitals.

An outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul in a Scottish childcare facility: the influence of parental under-reporting.

Background: Salmonella outbreaks in childcare facilities are relatively rare, most often occurring secondary to contaminated food products or poor infection control practices. We report an outbreak of Salmonella Saintpaul at a pre-school facility in Ayrshire, Scotland with atypical clinical and epidemiological features.

Methods: Following notification of the initial two cases, the multi-disciplinary Incident Management Team initiated enhanced active case finding and two environmental inspections of the site, including food preparation areas.