Childbearing Among Women Cardiologists: The Interface of Experience, Impact, and the Law.

Background: Maternity leave is highly variable in the United States given the lack of a federal workforce mandate.

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to describe the experiences and impact of childbearing on women cardiologists and their careers, within a legal framework.

Methods: A survey was sent to women cardiologists, asking about their experiences while pregnant and on maternity leave.

The 2 × 2 Standpoints Model of Achievement Goals.

In the present research, we proposed and tested a 2 × 2 standpoints model of achievement goals grounded in the development-demonstration and approach-avoidance distinctions. Three empirical studies are presented. Study 1 provided evidence supporting the structure and psychometric properties of a newly developed measure of the goals of the 2 × 2 standpoints model.