Intraoperative Neuromonitoring in Percutaneous Spinal Cord Stimulator Placement.

Introduction: Placement of spinal cord stimulation (SCS) paddles under general anesthesia using intraoperative neuromonitoring (IONM) has been shown to be associated with equivocal or superior clinical outcomes in comparative studies. The value of IONM in percutaneous permanent SCS placement has not been demonstrated.

Methods: Outcomes for patients under percutaneous SCS placement performed with IONM were prospectively collected.

Depth-dependent effects of culling-do mesophotic lionfish populations undermine current management?

Invasive lionfish ( and ) have spread widely across the western Atlantic and are recognized as a major threat to native marine biodiversity. Although lionfish inhabit both shallow reefs and mesophotic coral ecosystems (MCEs; reefs from 30 to 150 m depth), the primary management response implemented by many countries has been diver-led culling limited to reefs less than 30 m. However, many reef fish undergo ontogenetic migrations, with the largest and therefore most fecund individuals found at greatest depths.