Anhedonia as a clinical correlate of inflammation in adolescents across psychiatric conditions.

Peripheral inflammation has been associated with multiple psychiatric disorders, particularly with depression. However, findings remain inconsistent and unreproducible, most likely due to the disorder's heterogeneity in phenotypic presentation. Therefore, in the present study, in an effort to account for inter-individual differences in symptom severity, we utilised a dimensional approach to assess the relationships between a broad panel of inflammatory cytokines and key psychiatric symptoms (i.

The role of lifetime anxiety history in the course of bipolar spectrum disorders.

Individuals with bipolar spectrum disorder (BSD) frequently meet criteria for comorbid anxiety disorders, and anxiety may be an important factor in the etiology and course of BSDs. The current study examined the association of lifetime anxiety disorders with prospective manic/hypomanic versus major depressive episodes. Participants were 244 young adults (aged 17-26) with milder forms of BSDs (i.

Confirmatory factor analysis of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Revised for veterans with pain.

As the need for appropriate assessment and treatment of veterans with chronic pain continues to grow, it is important to ensure that the instruments we use to complete these assessments, such as the Coping Strategies Questionnaire-Revised (CSQ-R), are validated on this population. The purpose of the present study was to confirm the factor structure of the CSQ-R in veterans. Secondary analyses examined associations between various pain coping strategies and measures of mood and health functioning.

A pilot study of cortical glutathione in youth with depression.

Aim: This study used proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy (H MRS) to measure in vivo brain glutathione (GSH) in adolescents with major depressive disorder (MDD), and explored the relationship between GSH and illness severity and chronicity. Secondarily, associations between GSH and anhedonia, a key symptom of MDD in adolescents, were investigated.

Methods: Occipital cortex GSH levels were obtained in 19 psychotropic medication-free adolescents with MDD (ages 12-21) and compared to those in eight healthy control adolescents.

Aggression Protects Against the Onset of Major Depressive Episodes in Individuals With Bipolar Spectrum Disorder.

A growing body of research suggests that bipolar spectrum disorders (BSDs) are associated with high aggression. However, little research has prospectively examined how aggression may affect time to onset of hypomanic/manic versus major depressive episodes. In a longitudinal study, we tested the hypothesis that aggression would prospectively predict a shorter time to the onset of hypomanic/manic episodes and a longer time to the onset of major depressive episodes, based on the behavioral approach system theory of BSDs.

Neural correlates of RDoC reward constructs in adolescents with diverse psychiatric symptoms: A Reward Flanker Task pilot study.

Background: There has been growing interest under the Research Domain Criteria initiative to investigate behavioral constructs and their underlying neural circuitry. Abnormalities in reward processes are salient across psychiatric conditions and may precede future psychopathology in youth. However, the neural circuitry underlying such deficits has not been well defined.

Role of Reward Sensitivity and Processing in Major Depressive and Bipolar Spectrum Disorders.

Since Costello's (1972) seminal Behavior Therapy article on loss of reinforcers or reinforcer effectiveness in depression, the role of reward sensitivity and processing in both depression and bipolar disorder has become a central area of investigation. In this article, we review the evidence for a model of reward sensitivity in mood disorders, with unipolar depression characterized by reward hyposensitivity and bipolar disorders by reward hypersensitivity. We address whether aberrant reward sensitivity and processing are correlates of, mood-independent traits of, vulnerabilities for, and/or predictors of the course of depression and bipolar spectrum disorders, covering evidence from self-report, behavioral, neurophysiological, and neural levels of analysis.

Cognitive Attributions in Depression: Bridging the Gap between Research and Clinical Practice.

Individuals seeking treatment for depression often are struggling with maladaptive cognitions that impact how they view themselves and the world. Research on cognitive attributions that underlie depressed mood focuses on the phenomenon of negative cognitive style, in which depressed people tend to view undesirable occurrences in life as having internal, stable, and global causes. Based on research, clinicians have developed various techniques that seek to modify depressive attributions in order to alleviate symptoms of depression.

The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Emotional Clarity.

Emotion regulation has been implicated in the etiology of depression. A first step in adaptive emotion regulation involves emotional clarity, the ability to recognize and differentiate one's emotional experience. As family members are critical in facilitating emotional understanding and communication, we examined the impact of family functioning on adolescent emotional clarity and depressive symptoms.

A latent class analysis of parental bipolar disorder: Examining associations with offspring psychopathology.

Bipolar disorder (BD) is highly heterogeneous, and course variations are associated with patient outcomes. This diagnostic complexity challenges identification of patients in greatest need of intervention. Additionally, course variations have implications for offspring risk.

Impacts of sea level rise and climate change on coastal plant species in the central California coast.

Local increases in sea level caused by global climate change pose a significant threat to the persistence of many coastal plant species through exacerbating inundation, flooding, and erosion. In addition to sea level rise (SLR), climate changes in the form of air temperature and precipitation regimes will also alter habitats of coastal plant species. Although numerous studies have analyzed the effect of climate change on future habitats through species distribution models (SDMs), none have incorporated the threat of exposure to SLR.

Family functioning in the context of parental bipolar disorder: associations with offspring age, sex, and psychopathology.

Previous research has shown that families with a parent who has bipolar disorder (BD) may experience family functioning difficulties. However, the association between family functioning and psychopathology among offspring of parents with BD, and offspring characteristics that may moderate this association, remains poorly understood. This study examined the cross-sectional associations between family functioning (cohesion, expressiveness, and conflict) and psychopathology in 117 offspring (ages 5-18) of 75 parents with BD.

Early risk factors for psychopathology in offspring of parents with bipolar disorder: the role of obstetric complications and maternal comorbid anxiety.

Objective: Offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (BD) are at increased risk for developing a range of psychiatric disorders. Although genetic factors clearly confer risk to offspring, environmental factors also play a role in increasing vulnerability. Such environmental factors may occur at the initial stages of development in the form of obstetric complications (OCs).

Trauma in people with intellectual and developmental disabilities: reactions of parents and caregivers to research participation.

Generally, studies have revealed that only a minority of people are bothered by participation in research on traumatic stress. Severity of traumatic events and subsequent responses are typically unrelated to negative reactions. We included 386 family members and caregivers (respondents) of people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (focus people).

Enhancing maternal depression recognition in health care settings: a review of strategies to improve detection, reduce barriers, and reach mothers in need.

Maternal depression is a major public health concern in the United States affecting mothers, children, and families. Many mothers experience depression, and exposure to maternal depression can put children at increased risk for psychopathology and poor psychosocial development. Early recognition of maternal depression is a critical step in promoting healthy development and preventing adverse outcomes in children and families.

Predictors of parental locus of control in mothers of pre- and early adolescents.

Parental locus of control refers to parents' perceived power and efficacy in child-rearing situations. This study explored parental locus of control and its correlates in 160 mothers of children ages 8 to 14 cross-sectionally and 1 year later. Maternal depression, maternal expressed emotion, and child internalizing and externalizing behavior were examined, along with a number of sociodemographic factors.

Maternal depression, maternal expressed emotion, and youth psychopathology.

Across development, maternal depression has been found to be a risk factor for youth psychopathology generally and youth depression specifically. Maternal Expressed Emotion (EE) has been examined as a predictor of outcome among youth with depression. The present study explored the associations between youth psychopathology and two predictors-maternal depression within the child's lifetime and maternal EE-in a study of children at risk for depression.

Co-occurring disorders of adolescents in primary care: closing the gaps.

The increasing prevalence of co-occurring mental health and substance use disorders in adolescents is a serious challenge for the primary care system. The needs of these youth continue to be underrecognized, poorly diagnosed, and inappropriately treated in primary care settings, which are often the first point of contact with the health provider system. This article highlights the need for changes at the clinical, organizational, and policy levels to create a system of care that can effectively identify, refer, treat, and coordinate the care for these adolescents and their families.

Location and function of vesicle clusters, active zones and Ca2+ channels in the lamprey presynaptic terminal.

Synaptic transmission requires spatial and temporal coordination of a specific sequence of events. The trigger for synaptic vesicle exocytosis is Ca(2)(+) entry into presynaptic terminals, leading to neurotransmitter release at highly specialized sites known as active zones. Ca(2)(+) channel proximity to exocytotic proteins and vesicle clusters at active zones have been inferred from biochemical, histological and ultrastructural data, but direct evidence about functional relationships between these elements in central synapses is absent.

Early-onset depression and the emotional and behavioral characteristics of offspring.

We compared the emotional and behavioral characteristics of offspring of parents with early-onset depression and the offspring of parents with late-onset depression. Forty-three parents who met criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist-Parent Report Version (CBCL) for a birth child (n=43, age range 6-17 years). Parents were classified as having either early SD onset (<19 years) or late-onset (> or = 19 years) MDD based on responses gathered during the SCID-P interview.

Behavioral and emotional disturbances in the offspring of depressed parents with anger attacks.

Background: To examine the emotional and behavioral characteristics of the offspring of depressed parents with and without anger attacks.

Methods: Forty-three parents who met criteria for major depressive disorder (MDD) completed the Achenbach Child Behavior Checklist - Parent Report Version (CBCL) for each of their birth children (n = 58, age range 6-17 years). Unpaired t tests were used to evaluate the CBCL scale score differences between children of parents with and children of parents without anger attacks.