Risk Factors for Recurrent Urinary Tract Infection and Renal Scarring.

Objectives: To identify risk factors for recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) and renal scarring in children who have had 1 or 2 febrile or symptomatic UTIs and received no antimicrobial prophylaxis.

Methods: This 2-year, multisite prospective cohort study included 305 children aged 2 to 71 months with vesicoureteral reflux (VUR) receiving placebo in the RIVUR (Randomized Intervention for Vesicoureteral Reflux) study and 195 children with no VUR observed in the CUTIE (Careful Urinary Tract Infection Evaluation) study. Primary exposure was presence of VUR; secondary exposures included bladder and bowel dysfunction (BBD), age, and race.

Comparative effectiveness of intravenous vs oral antibiotics for postdischarge treatment of acute osteomyelitis in children.

Importance: Postdischarge treatment of acute osteomyelitis in children requires weeks of antibiotic therapy, which can be administered orally or intravenously via a peripherally inserted central catheter (PICC). The catheters carry a risk for serious complications, but limited evidence exists on the effectiveness of oral therapy.

Objective: To compare the effectiveness and adverse outcomes of postdischarge antibiotic therapy administered via the PICC or the oral route.

What can ADHD without comorbidity teach us about comorbidity?

Neuropsychiatric comorbidity in ADHD is frequent, impairing and poorly understood. In this report, characteristics of comorbid and comorbid-free ADHD subjects are investigated in an attempt to identify differences that could potentially advance our understanding of risk factors. In a clinically-referred ADHD cohort of 449 youths (ages 6-18), age, gender, IQ, SES and ADHD symptoms were compared among ADHD comorbid free subjects and ADHD with internalizing and externalizing disorders.

Nocturnal enuresis: a suggestive endophenotype marker for a subgroup of inattentive attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder.

Objective: Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and enuresis co-occur at a higher rate than expected; the cause for this is unclear.

Study Design: Diagnostic and demographic variables were compared in 344 children ages 6 to 12 years, with and without enuresis, recruited in an ADHD genetic study. Sleep variables were investigated in a subgroup of 44 enuretic children with age- and sex-matched nonenuretic controls.