EphrinB2 knockdown in cervical spinal cord preserves diaphragm innervation in a mutant SOD1 mouse model of ALS.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron loss. Importantly, non-neuronal cell types such as astrocytes also play significant roles in disease pathogenesis. However, mechanisms of astrocyte contribution to ALS remain incompletely understood.

Surgical evacuation for chronic subdural hematoma: Predictors of reoperation and functional outcomes.

Background: Although chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) incidence has increased, there is limited evidence to guide patient management after surgical evacuation.

Objective: To identify predictors of reoperation and functional outcome after CSDH surgical evacuation.

Methods: We identified all patients with CSDH between 2010 and 2018.

EphrinB2 knockdown in cervical spinal cord preserves diaphragm innervation in a mutant SOD1 mouse model of ALS.

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) is a neurodegenerative disease characterized by motor neuron loss. Importantly, non-neuronal cell types such as astrocytes also play significant roles in disease pathogenesis. However, mechanisms of astrocyte contribution to ALS remain incompletely understood.

Weighing in on heart failure: the potential impact of bariatric surgery.

Obesity is a growing worldwide epidemic with significant economic burden that carries with it impacts on every physiologic system including the cardiovascular system. Specifically, the risk of heart failure has been shown to increase dramatically in obese individuals. The purpose of this review is to provide background on the individual burdens of heart failure and obesity, followed by exploring proposed physiologic mechanisms that interconnect these conditions, and furthermore introduce treatment strategies for weight loss focusing on bariatric surgery.

Outcomes of Septal Perforation Repair With Concurrent Endoscopic Sinus Surgery.

Objective: This study reviews a cohort of patients in whom septal perforation repair was performed concurrently with endoscopic sinus surgery. We present an endonasal perforation repair technique using bilateral mucosal flaps with an autogenous interposition graft. Intraoperative and postoperative management of the combined surgical patient is discussed and perforation closure outcomes are reported.

Fixed Positioning for Decompressive Hemicraniectomy Provides a Larger Diameter Flap than Nonfixed Positioning: A Single-Institution Experience.

Background: Decompressive hemicraniectomy (DHC) is well established as an effective life-saving intervention. Although literature documents a correlation between mortality and hemicraniectomy flap size, no literature exists demonstrating whether a larger flap may be achieved with 3-pin fixation devices versus nonfixed positioning (e.g.

Gene therapy conversion of striatal astrocytes into GABAergic neurons in mouse models of Huntington's disease.

Huntington's disease (HD) is caused by Huntingtin (Htt) gene mutation resulting in the loss of striatal GABAergic neurons and motor functional deficits. We report here an in vivo cell conversion technology to reprogram striatal astrocytes into GABAergic neurons in both R6/2 and YAC128 HD mouse models through AAV-mediated ectopic expression of NeuroD1 and Dlx2 transcription factors. We found that the astrocyte-to-neuron (AtN) conversion rate reached 80% in the striatum and >50% of the converted neurons were DARPP32 medium spiny neurons.

Tongue Tied after Shoulder Surgery: A Case Series and Literature Review.

This article presents three cases of cranial nerve palsy following shoulder surgery with general anesthesia in the beach chair position. All patients underwent preoperative ultrasound-guided interscalene nerve block. Two cases of postoperative hypoglossal and one case of combined hypoglossal and recurrent laryngeal nerve palsies (Tapia's syndrome) were identified.

The effects of perceived social norms on handwashing behaviour in students.

Handwashing is widely considered the most effective method of preventing the spread of infectious illness. Exploring the determinants of handwashing is vital to the development of interventions to increase this behaviour. A survey based on Social Norms Theory assessed handwashing frequency and perceptions of peer handwashing in 255 university students.

Contemporary applications of frontal sinus trephination: A systematic review of the literature.

Our objective was to perform a systematic review of the literature on contemporary indications and outcomes for frontal sinus trephination and present an illustrative case of an endoscopically assisted repair of a subcutaneous frontal sinus fistula by trephination technique. PubMed and Ovid databases were used as data sources. A systematic review of the English literature was completed to review reports of frontal trephination from 1980 to 2014.

Sinonasal phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor: Case report and systematic review.

We report a case of sinonasal phosphaturic mesenchymal tumor (PMT) and conduct a systematic review of the literature to highlight a unique paraneoplastic syndrome associated with PMT. We used English language publications from Medline and Cochrane databases (1970-2013) as data sources. A systematic review of the literature was conducted.

Infected cochlear implant after large-volume nasal irrigation.

Objective: A patient with a well-healed, functional cochlear implant (CI) experienced a CI and mastoid infection shortly after initiating large-volume nasal irrigations after sinus surgery. The goal of this report is to bring attention to a rare complication and to question if large-volume nasal irrigation is safe in CI recipients.

Patients: Single patient at a tertiary care hospital.

Updates in reconstruction of skull base defects.

Purpose Of Review: Skull base surgery has undergone a fundamental transformation with the development and rapid adoption of endoscopic endonasal expanded approaches. Defects created from these newer approaches have necessitated an evolution of novel reconstructive techniques, which are reviewed here.

Recent Findings: New reconstructive techniques continue to be developed for repairing surgical defects from endoscopic endonasal skull base resections.

Perplexing lesions of the sinonasal cavity and skull base: IgG4-related and similar inflammatory diseases.

Objective: IgG4-related disease (IgG4RD) causing sinonasal and skull base pathology is uncommonly described. We present a series of suspected IgG4RD patients, with a pertinent review of the literature to highlight diagnostic challenges.

Study Design: Case series.

Laryngeal hibernoma: case series of a rare tumor.

Background: Hibernomas are rare, benign tumors of brown adipose tissue uncommonly found in the head and neck.

Methods: A review of the English-language literature was conducted for this study. We present a series of 2 laryngeal hibernomas treated with transoral laser microsurgical resection at a tertiary referral center over a period of 18 years.

Abducens palsy after lumbar drain placement: a rare complication in endoscopic skull base surgery.

Objectives/hypothesis: To study reports of abducens nerve palsy following dural puncture procedures and to discuss possible etiologic theories, treatment, and prognosis.

Study Design: Systematic review of peer-reviewed literature.

Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted (PubMed, 1950 to September 2011) for cases of sixth cranial nerve palsy following dural puncture procedures.

Update on the management of chronic rhinosinusitis.

Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a common disorder characterized by mucosal inflammation of the nose and paranasal sinuses with sinonasal symptoms persisting for greater than 12 weeks. The etiology of CRS is incompletely understood. Current understanding supports inflammation, rather than infection, as the dominant etiologic factor.

Effect of postoperative aspirin on outcomes in microvascular free tissue transfer surgery.

Objective: Examine if outcomes and complication rates for free flaps vary when postoperative aspirin is used as pharmacologic thromboprophylaxis compared with no anticoagulation.

Study Design: Case series with chart review. Setting Oregon Health and Science University, an academic medical center.

Right-sided pyriform sinus fistula: a case report and review of the literature.

Objectives. Pyriform sinus fistulae arise from disturbances in the development of the fetal third and fourth branchial pouches and are predominantly found on the left side. We report the rare case of a right-sided pyriform sinus fistula presenting as a lateral neck abscess.