Intensive referral to 12-Step self-help groups and 6-month substance use disorder outcomes.

Aims: This study implemented and evaluated procedures to help clinicians make effective referrals to 12-Step self-help groups.

Design: Randomized controlled trial. Setting Out-patient substance use disorder treatment.

Determinants of 12-step group affiliation and moderators of the affiliation-abstinence relationship.

This study examined characteristics of substance use disorder (SUD) outpatients at intake to treatment (N=345) that were associated with more 12-step group attendance and involvement, Steps worked, and acceptance of 12-step philosophy at a 6-month follow-up (N=281, 81.4%). Patient characteristics covered the domains of sociodemographics, SUD severity, personal functioning, and previous help received.