Effective, Consistent, and Rapid Noncontact Application Methods for Seedling Basal Stem Infection by .

(Lib.) de Bary, an economically devastating soilborne fungal pathogen known to cause disease across a wide range of plants, produces long-term inoculum called sclerotia that can germinate either carpogenically by ascospores infecting aboveground plant parts or myceliogenically to infect stem base and roots. Typically, for research purposes, diseases are initiated by direct contact methods, using mycelium agar plugs wrapped around the stem or sclerotia placed directly beneath root mass.

Hospital readmissions among patients with skin disease: A retrospective cohort study.

Background: Hospital readmissions represent a potential target for reducing unnecessary health care expenditures; however, readmissions following dermatology hospitalizations remain poorly characterized.

Objective: To assess the frequency and demographics of readmissions for skin disease.

Methods: We performed a retrospective cohort study of dermatology hospitalizations by using the 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Database.