Methane production and estimation from livestock husbandry: A mechanistic understanding and emerging mitigation options.

Globally, livestock is an important contributor to methane (CH) emissions. This paper reviewed the various CH measurement and estimation techniques and mitigation approaches for the livestock sector. Two approaches for enteric livestock CH emission estimation are the top-down and bottom-up.

Climate change impact of livestock CH emission in India: Global temperature change potential (GTP) and surface temperature response.

Two climate metrics, Global surface Temperature Change Potential (GTP) and the Absolute GTP (AGTP) are used for studying the global surface temperature impact of CH emission from livestock in India. The impact on global surface temperature is estimated for 20 and 100 year time frames due to CH emission. The results show that the CH emission from livestock, worked out to 15.

State of municipal solid waste management in Delhi, the capital of India.

Delhi is the most densely populated and urbanized city of India. The annual growth rate in population during the last decade (1991-2001) was 3.85%, almost double the national average.

COD and BOD removal from domestic wastewater generated in decentralised sectors.

The objective of this work is to study COD and BOD reduction of domestic wastewater using discarded material based mixed adsorbents (mixed adsorbent carbon, MAC and commercial activated carbon, CAC) in batch mode. Under optimum conditions, maximum reduction and maximum COD and BOD reduction achieved using MAC and CAC was 95.87% and 97.

Leachate characterization and assessment of groundwater pollution near municipal solid waste landfill site.

Leachate and groundwater samples were collected from Gazipur landfill-site and its adjacent area to study the possible impact of leachate percolation on groundwater quality. Concentration of various physico-chemical parameters including heavy metal (Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb and Zn) and microbiological parameters (total coliform (TC) and faecal coliform (FC)) were determined in groundwater and leachate samples. The moderately high concentrations of Cl-, NO3(-), SO4(2-), NH4(+), Phenol, Fe, Zn and COD in groundwater, likely indicate that groundwater quality is being significantly affected by leachate percolation.

Municipal solid waste characterization and its assessment for potential methane generation: a case study.

There has been a significant increase in municipal solid waste (MSW) generation in India during the last few decades and its management has become a major issue because the poor waste management practices affect the health and amenity of the cities. In the present study, various physico-chemical parameters of the MSW were analyzed to characterize the waste dumped at Gazipur landfill site in Delhi, India, which shows that it contains a high fraction of degradable organic components. The decomposition of organic components produces methane, a significant contributor to global warming.

Induction of enhanced methane oxidation in compost: temperature and moisture response.

Landfilling is one of the most common ways of municipal solid waste disposal. Degradation of organic waste produces CH(4) and other landfill gases that significantly contribute to global warming. However, before entering the atmosphere, part of the produced CH(4) can be oxidised while passing through the landfill cover.

Application of a system dynamics approach for assessment and mitigation of CO2 emissions from the cement industry.

A system dynamics model based on the dynamic interactions among a number of system components is developed to estimate CO(2) emissions from the cement industry in India. The CO(2) emissions are projected to reach 396.89 million tonnes by the year 2020 if the existing cement making technological options are followed.

Investigations of methane emissions from rice cultivation in Indian context.

The increasing demand of the growing population requires enhancement in the production of rice. This has a direct bearing on the global environment since the rice cultivation is one of the major contributors to the methane emissions. As the rice cultivation is intensified with the current practices and technologies, the methane fluxes from paddy fields will substantially rise.

Evolution of a dust void in a radio-frequency plasma sheath.

The onset and growth of a dust void are investigated in a radio-frequency (rf) sheath of a capacitively coupled argon plasma. A circularly symmetric void emerges and grows with increasing rf power and pressure in the central region of the dust cloud levitating in the sheath. Experimental measurements of the void diameter are compared with the predictions of a simple phenomenological theory, based on a balance of forces on dust grains.