A Rapidly Tunable Laser System for Measurements of NH at 597 nm Behind Reflected Shock Waves.

Distributed feedback lasers, which feature rapid wavelength tunability, are not presently available in the yellow and orange spectral regions, impeding spectroscopic studies of short-lived species that absorb light in this range. To meet this need, a rapidly tunable laser system was constructed, characterized, and demonstrated for measurements of the NH radical at 597.4 nm.

Risk to reoffend changes over time: Improving correctional programming through progress monitoring.

Progress monitoring is integral to evidence-based practice. Correctional settings, especially the supervision of individuals who commit sexual offenses, elicit public concern; negative outcomes can be catastrophic. Using a prospective longitudinal study of 2,939 men with a history of sexual offenses undergoing community supervision, we examined different models of progress monitoring and how they should inform the assessment of risk for sexual recidivism.

Dynamic Risk Scales Degrade Over Time: Evidence for Reassessments.

Risk tools containing dynamic (potentially changeable) factors are routinely used to evaluate the recidivism risk of justice-involved individuals. Although frequent reassessments are recommended, there is little research on how the predictive accuracy of dynamic risk assessments changes over time. This study examined the extent to which predictive accuracy decreases over time for the ACUTE-2007 and the STABLE-2007 sexual recidivism risk tools.

Multiwavelength Speciation in Pyrolysis of -Pentane and Experimental Determination of the Rate Coefficient of CH = CH + CH in a Shock Tube.

We report the application of a multiwavelength speciation strategy to the study of -pentane (CH) pyrolysis behind reflected shock waves in a shock tube. Experiments were conducted with 2% CH/0.8%CO/Ar (by mole) between 1150 and 1520 K in the pressure range of 1-2 atm.

Shock-Tube Measurements of Atomic Nitrogen Collisional Excitation in 8000-12000 K Partially Ionized Nitrogen-Argon Mixtures.

We report on shock-tube experiments measuring the collisional excitation of atomic nitrogen using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy (TDLAS). Conditions behind the reflected shocks ranged from 8000 to 12000 K and 0.1 to 1.

Predictive Validity of Static-99R Among 8,207 Men Convicted of Sexual Crimes in South Korea: A Prospective Field Study.

The accuracy of risk assessment tools for Asian populations has received relatively little research attention. This study evaluated one of the most widely used static risk assessment tools - Static-99R - for assessing the likelihood of recidivism among men convicted of a sexual crime in South Korea. Overall, this South Korean sample ( = 8207) appeared to have a higher risk (more paraphilic interests, more sexual/general criminality) than the Static-99R normative samples (who were mostly White individuals from Western countries).

Long Term Recidivism Rates Among Individuals at High Risk to Sexually Reoffend.

Preventive detention provisions in the US and Canada assume we can identify, in advance, individuals at high risk for sexual recidivism. To test this assumption, 377 adult males with a history of sexual offending were followed for 20 years using Canadian national criminal history records and Internet searches. Using previously collected information, a high risk/high need (HRHN) subgroup was identified based on an unusually high levels of criminogenic needs ( = 190, average age of 38 years; 83% White, 13% Indigenous, 4% other).

Methodology of designing compact schlieren systems using off-axis parabolic mirrors.

Schlieren imaging is widely adopted in applications where fluid dynamics features are of interest. However, traditional Z-type schlieren systems utilizing on-axis mirrors generally require large system footprints due to the need to use high f-number mirrors. In this context, off-axis parabolic (OAP) mirrors provide an attractive alternative for permitting the use of smaller f-number optics, but well-documented methodologies for designing schlieren systems with OAP mirrors are lacking.

Shock Tube/Laser Absorption Measurements of Cyclopentadiene Pyrolysis.

High-temperature cyclopentadiene pyrolysis was examined behind reflected shock waves in a heated shock tube using several laser absorption diagnostic schemes. A two-color, online-offline sensor near 3335 cm was used to measure time histories of acetylene, while a three-color scheme of diagnostics at 10.532, 10.

Reliability and Factor Structure of the Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale.

Assessment of risk of sexual recidivism has progressed from tools containing only static factors to tools including dynamic (i.e., changeable) risk factors.

Pedophilia is a taxon among 706 adult males assessed at a civil commitment center.

This study examined whether pedophilia is best understood as a dimension or a discrete class (taxon). We considered pedophilia to include both physical sexual attraction to children as well as emotional attraction to children and childhood. Archival data from 901 adult males from a U.

Improving Our Risk Communication: Standardized Risk Levels for Brief Assessment of Recidivism Risk-2002R.

A Five-Level Risk and Needs system has been proposed as a common language for standardizing the meaning of risk levels across risk/need tools used in corrections. Study 1 examined whether the Five-Levels could be applied to BARR-2002R ( = 2,390), an actuarial tool for general recidivism. Study 2 examined the construct validity of BARR-2002R risk levels in two samples of individuals with a history of sexual offending ( = 1,081).

Collisional excitation kinetics for O(3s^{5}S^{o}) and O(3p^{5}P_{3}) states using laser absorption spectroscopy in shock-heated weakly ionized O_{2}-Ar mixture.

Collisional excitation kinetics for atomic oxygen is studied behind reflected shock waves in 1%O_{2}/Ar mixtures over 10 000-11 000K using laser absorption spectroscopy of the O(3s^{5}S^{o}) to O(3p^{5}P_{3}) transition at 777 nm and the O(3p^{5}P_{3}) to O(3d ^{5}D_{2,3,4}^{o}) transitions at 926 nm. Four time histories are inferred simultaneously from the absorbance of the two transitions: the population density of level 4 of atomic oxygen, i.e.

Field validity of Static-99R and STABLE-2007 with 4,433 men serving sentences for sexual offences in British Columbia: New findings and meta-analysis.

Many forensic assessment measures are developed and validated under research conditions but applied in the field, where professionals or paraprofessionals have varied training, unknown fidelity to administration procedures, and contextual pressures related to their institutions or legal system. Yet few studies examine the generalizability of psychometric properties of these scales as actually applied in field settings. This study examined 4,433 individuals assessed by probation officers on the Static-99R or STABLE-2007 sexual recidivism risk scales in British Columbia, Canada.

Updated 5-year and new 10-year sexual recidivism rate norms for Static-99R with routine/complete samples.

The purpose of this study was to develop new 10-year recidivism rate norms as well as to update 5-year norms for the Static-99R risk tool for routine/complete samples. We also present the extrapolated sexual recidivism rates from these new 10-year norms for follow-up periods of 11 to 20 years. We hypothesized that absolute-recidivism base rates (B02; i.

Does Reassessment Improve Prediction? A Prospective Study of the Sexual Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS).

This prospective study examined the predictive validity of the Sex Offender Treatment Intervention and Progress Scale (SOTIPS; McGrath et al., 2012), a sexual recidivism risk/need tool designed to identify dynamic (changeable) risk factors relevant to supervision and treatment. The SOTIPS risk tool was scored by probation officers at two sites ( = 565) for three time points: near the start of community supervision, at 6 months, and then at 12 months.

Monitoring changes in risk of reoffending: A prospective study of 632 men on community supervision.

Objectives: Few studies have examined how much individuals change on intermediate targets of risk to reoffend. Even fewer studies have examined the extent to which change on such measures predict reoffending. Establishing the validity of intermediate measures requires a multistep approach that (a) assesses the reliability of the change, (b) assesses change using statistical analyses that can account for measurement error, and (c) examines the extent to which change on these intermediate measures predict reoffending.

Two-temperature Collisional-radiative Modeling of Partially Ionized O-Ar Mixtures over 8000-10,000 K Behind Reflected Shock Waves.

The collisional excitation kinetics of atomic oxygen was studied behind reflected shock waves using tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy. A test gas mixture of 1% O/Ar was shock-heated to temperatures between 8000 and 10,000 K and pressures between 0.15 and 1 atm.

Determination of the JP10 + OH → Product Reaction Rate with Measured Fuel Concentrations in Shock Tube Experiments.

The overall reaction rate for JP10 + OH → products was measured directly via laser absorption of OH in shock tube experiments from 931 to 1308 K and 0.94 to 1.44 atm.

Reassessment improves prediction of criminal recidivism: A prospective study of 3,421 individuals in New Zealand.

A dynamic risk factor is a variable that can change across time, and as it changes, there is a corresponding change in the likelihood of the outcome. In corrections, there is evidence for dynamic risk factors when relatively more proximal reassessments enhance predictive validity for recidivism. In this article, we tested the proximity hypothesis with longitudinal, multiple-reassessment data gathered from 3,421 individuals supervised on parole in New Zealand (N = 68,667 assessments of theoretically dynamic risk factors conducted by corrections case managers).

Shock Tube Measurement of the CH + CH → CH + CH Rate Constant.

The rate constant for the CH + CH → CH + CH reaction was studied behind reflected shock waves at temperatures between 1369 and 1626 K and pressures from 8.6 to 47.4 atm in mixtures of methane, ethane, and argon.

STABLE-2007 Demonstrates Predictive and Incremental Validity in Assessing Risk-Relevant Propensities for Sexual Offending: A Meta-Analysis.

STABLE-2007 is a measure of risk-relevant propensities for adult males convicted of a sexual offense. This meta-analysis evaluated the ability of STABLE-2007 and its items to discriminate between recidivists and nonrecidivists, and the extent to which STABLE-2007 improves prediction over and above Static-99R. Based on 21 studies (12 unique samples, = 6,955), we found that STABLE-2007 was significantly and incrementally related to sexual recidivism, violent (nonsexual) recidivism, violent (including sexual) recidivism, and any crime.

Estimating Lifetime and Residual Risk for Individuals Who Remain Sexual Offense Free in the Community: Practical Applications.

Although individuals with a history of sexual crime are often viewed as a lifelong risk, recent research has drawn attention to consistent declines in recidivism risk for those who remain offense free in the community. Because these declines are predictable, this article demonstrates how evaluators can use the amount of time individuals have remained offense free to (a) extrapolate to lifetime recidivism rates from rates observed for shorter time periods, (b) estimate the risk of sexual recidivism for individuals whose current offense is nonsexual but who have a history of sexual offending, and (c) calculate yearly reductions in risk for individuals who remain offense free in the community. In addition to their practical utility for case-specific decision making, these estimates also provide researchers an objective, empirical method of quantifying the extent to which individuals have desisted from sexual crime.

Paraphilia and Antisociality: Motivations for Sexual Offending May Differ for American Whites and Blacks.

There has been little research on the sexual offending behavior of different racial groups. This study compares the characteristics and risk factors for American, non-Hispanic Whites ( =797) and Blacks ( = 788) who had been convicted of a sexual crime in New Jersey. The results indicated that Whites appeared more paraphilic whereas Blacks displayed higher antisociality.