In Planta Ectopic Expression of Two Sub-types of Tomato Cellulose Synthase-like M (CslM) Genes Affects Cell Wall Integrity and Supports a Role in Arabinogalactan and/or Rhamnogalacturonan-I Biosynthesis.

Diversification of the cellulose synthase superfamily of glycosyltransferases has provided plants with the ability to synthesise varied cell wall polysaccharides such as xyloglucan, mannans and the mixed-linkage glucans of cereals. Surprisingly, some but not all members of the cellulose synthase-like M (CslM) gene family have recently been shown to be involved in the glycosylation of the aglycone core of a range of triterpenoid saponins. However, no cell wall activity has yet been attributed to any of the CslM gene family members.

Specifying cross-system collaboration strategies for implementation: a multi-site qualitative study with child welfare and behavioral health organizations.

Background: Cross-system interventions that integrate health, behavioral health, and social services can improve client outcomes and expand community impact. Successful implementation of these interventions depends on the extent to which service partners can align frontline services and organizational operations. However, collaboration strategies linking multiple implementation contexts have received limited empirical attention.

Improving genetic diagnostic yield in a large cohort of children with rare vascular anomalies or -related overgrowth spectrum.

Purpose: Drugs that attenuate hyperactivation of the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-Akt and Ras-mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways are emerging treatments for children with rare, intractable vascular anomalies or related overgrowth spectrum (PROS) with an eligible genetic diagnosis. However, access to genetic testing remains a barrier to genetic diagnosis. Here, we implement a targeted molecular diagnostic strategy for vascular anomalies or PROS.

Ten years of implementation outcomes research: a scoping review.

Background: Proctor and colleagues' 2011 paper proposed a taxonomy of eight implementation outcomes and challenged the field to address a research agenda focused on conceptualization, measurement, and theory building. Ten years later, this paper maps the field's progress in implementation outcomes research. This scoping review describes how each implementation outcome has been studied, research designs and methods used, and the contexts and settings represented in the current literature.

Response to sirolimus in capillary lymphatic venous malformations and associated syndromes: Impact on symptomatology, quality of life, and radiographic response.

Background: Capillary lymphatic venous malformations (CLVM) and associated syndromes, including Klippel-Trenaunay syndrome (KTS) and congenital lipomatous overgrowth, vascular malformation, epidermal nevi, skeletal, and spinal syndrome (CLOVES), are underrecognized disorders associated with high morbidity from chronic pain, recurrent infections, bleeding, and clotting complications. The rarity of these disorders and heterogeneity of clinical presentations make large-scale randomized clinical drug trials challenging. Identification of PIK3CA (phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate 3-kinase catalytic subunit alpha [gene]) mutations in CLVM has made targeted medications, such as sirolimus, attractive treatment options.

Therapeutic thoracic duct drainage: A systematic review of the Eastern European experience and future potential.

Thoracic duct drainage (TDD) is gaining renewed interest, largely due to accumulation of evidence supporting the gut-lymph model, where toxic mesenteric lymph from the intestine contributes to development of multi-organ failure in acute and critical illness (ACI). Advances in minimally invasive TDD have added to this growing interest. The English TDD literature has been previously reviewed, but the more extensive Eastern European literature has not been available to English readers.

Light scattering from mixtures of interacting, nonionic micelles with hydrophobic solutes.

Model equations for the Rayleigh ratio and the electric field autocorrelation function are derived using thermodynamic fluctuation theory applied to crowded solute-containing micellar solutions and microemulsions with negligible molecular species and polydispersity. This theory invokes non-equilibrium thermodynamics and enforces local equilibrium between molecular solute, surfactant, and the various micellar species, in order to elucidate the influence of self-assembly on light scattering correlation functions. We find that self-assembly driven variations in the average micelle radius and aggregation number along gradients in concentration, which were previously shown to drive strong multicomponent diffusion effects expressed the ternary diffusivity matrix [], do not affect the scattering functions in the limit of zero local polydispersity.

Six practical recommendations for improved implementation outcomes reporting.

Background: Implementation outcomes research spans an exciting mix of fields, disciplines, and geographical space. Although the number of studies that cite the 2011 taxonomy has expanded considerably, the problem of harmony in describing outcomes persists. This paper revisits that problem by focusing on the clarity of reporting outcomes in studies that examine them.

Identification and spatio-temporal expression analysis of barley genes that encode putative modular xylanolytic enzymes.

Arabinoxylans are cell wall polysaccharides whose re-modelling and degradation during plant development are mediated by several classes of xylanolytic enzymes. Here, we present the identification and new annotation of twelve putative (1,4)-β-xylanase and six β-xylosidase genes, and their spatio-temporal expression patterns during vegetative and reproductive growth of barley (Hordeum vulgare cv. Navigator).

Human activity shapes the wintering ecology of a migratory bird.

Human behavior profoundly affects the natural world. Migratory birds are particularly susceptible to adverse effects of human activities because the global networks of ecosystems on which birds rely are undergoing rapid change. In spite of these challenges, the blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla) is a thriving migratory species.

Xylem network connectivity and embolism spread in grapevine(Vitis vinifera L.).

Xylem networks are vulnerable to the formation and spread of gas embolisms that reduce water transport. Embolisms spread through interconduit pits, but the three-dimensional (3D) complexity and scale of xylem networks means that the functional implications of intervessel connections are not well understood. Here, xylem networks of grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.

Stomach region stimulated determines effects on duodenal motility in rats.

Gastric electrical stimulation (GES) is used clinically to promote proximal GI emptying and motility. In acute experiments, we measured duodenal motor responses elicited by GES applied at 141 randomly chosen electrode sites on the stomach serosal surface. Overnight-fasted (HO available) anesthetized male rats ( = 81) received intermittent biphasic GES for 5 min (20-s-on/40-s-off cycles; I = 0.

Multicomponent diffusion of interacting, nonionic micelles with hydrophobic solutes.

Ternary diffusion coefficient matrices [D] were measured using the Taylor dispersion method, for crowded aqueous solutions of decaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (CE) with either decane or limonene solute. The matrix [D], for both systems, was found to be highly non-diagonal, and concentration dependent, over a broad domain of solute to surfactant molar ratios and micelle volume fractions. A recently developed theoretical model, based on Batchelor's theory for gradient diffusion in dilute, polydisperse mixtures of interacting spheres, was simplified by neglecting local polydispersity, and effectively used to predict [D] with no adjustable parameters.

Individual variability and versatility in an eco-evolutionary model of avian migration.

Seasonal migration is a complex and variable behaviour with the potential to promote reproductive isolation. In Eurasian blackcaps (), a migratory divide in central Europe separating populations with southwest (SW) and southeast (SE) autumn routes may facilitate isolation, and individuals using new wintering areas in Britain show divergence from Mediterranean winterers. We tracked 100 blackcaps in the wild to characterize these strategies.

Associations of warzone veteran mental health with partner mental health and family functioning: Family Foundations Study.

Introduction: Warzone participation is associated with increased risk of stress-related psychopathology, including posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and depression. Prior research suggests that the mental health of spouses of warzone veterans (WZVs) is linked to that of their partners. Additionally, PTSD among WZVs has been associated with marital dysfunction.

Timing of the martian dynamo: New constraints for a core field 4.5 and 3.7 Ga ago.

The absence of crustal magnetic fields above the martian basins Hellas, Argyre, and Isidis is often interpreted as proof of an early, before 4.1 billion years (Ga) ago, or late, after 3.9 Ga ago, dynamo.

Carbohydrates designed with different digestion rates modulate gastric emptying response in rats.

We sought to determine whether design of carbohydrate-based microspheres to have different digestion rates, while retaining the same material properties, could modulate gastric emptying through the ileal brake. Microspheres made to have three slow digestion rates and a rapidly digested starch analogue (maltodextrin) were administrated to rats by gavage and starch contents in the stomach, proximal and distal small intestine, and caecum were measured 2 h post-gavage. A stepwise increase in the amount of starch retained in the stomach was found for microspheres with incrementally slower rates of digestion.

Multicomponent Diffusion in Aqueous Solutions of Nonionic Micelles and Decane.

Taylor dispersion and dynamic light scattering techniques were used to measure the ternary diffusivity matrix [] and the micelle gradient diffusion coefficient, respectively, in crowded aqueous solutions of decaethylene glycol monododecyl ether (CE) and decane. The results indicate that CE diffused down its own gradient with the micelle gradient diffusivity while decane diffused down a decane gradient at a much slower rate. Furthermore, strong diffusion coupling, comprising decane diffusion down a surfactant gradient and surfactant diffusion up a decane gradient, was also observed with cross diffusivities that were on the order of or larger than the main diffusivities.

Concordance between blood and cerebrospinal fluid cultures in meningitis.

Objective: To examine the association between cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) cultures and blood cultures in patients with suspected bacterial or fungal meningitis.

Methods: A 5-year retrospective chart review, conducted from April 2012 to January 2017 of consecutive patient encounters with bacterial or fungal organism growth in CSF culture, when a blood culture was also obtained. Patients were excluded if they received antibiotics prior to either lumbar puncture (LP) or blood culture acquisition, or if CSF cultures were positive for common bacterial skin contaminants.

Vagal innervation of the stomach reassessed: brain-gut connectome uses smart terminals.

Brain-gut neural communications have long been considered limited because of conspicuous numerical mismatches. The vagus, the parasympathetic nerve connecting brain and gut, contains thousands of axons, whereas the gastrointestinal (GI) tract contains millions of intrinsic neurons in local plexuses. The numerical paradox was initially recognized in terms of efferent projections, but the number of afferents, which comprise the majority (≈ 80%) of neurites in the vagus, is also relatively small.

Gastric stimulation drives fast BOLD responses of neural origin.

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is commonly thought to be too slow to capture any neural dynamics faster than 0.1 Hz. However, recent findings demonstrate the feasibility of detecting fMRI activity at higher frequencies beyond 0.

Late growth of infantile hemangiomas in children >3 years of age: A retrospective study.

Background: The proliferative phase of infantile hemangiomas (IHs) is usually complete by 9 months of life. Late growth beyond age 3 years is rarely reported.

Objective: To describe the demographic and clinic characteristics of a cohort of patients with late growth of IH, defined as growth in a patient >3 years of age.

Vagus nerve stimulation promotes gastric emptying by increasing pyloric opening measured with magnetic resonance imaging.

Background: Vagus nerve stimulation (VNS) is an emerging electroceutical therapy for remedying gastric disorders that are poorly managed by pharmacological treatments and/or dietary changes. Such therapy seems promising as the vagovagal neurocircuitry modulates the enteric nervous system to influence gastric functions.

Methods: Here, the modulatory effects of left cervical VNS on gastric emptying in rats were quantified using a (i) feeding protocol in which the animal voluntarily consumed a postfast, gadolinium-labeled meal and (ii) a non-invasive imaging method to measure antral motility, pyloric activity and gastric emptying based on contrast-enhanced magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computer-assisted image processing pipelines.