, two new edible species from eastern North America discovered by truffle-hunting dogs.

Ectomycorrhizal fungi in the genus form hypogeous fruiting bodies called truffles. Many species are highly prized due to their edible and aromatic ascomata. Historically, there has been attention on cultivating and selling European truffle species, but there is growing interest in cultivating, wild-harvesting, and selling species of truffles endemic to North America.

, a new species from northeastern North America: Slug mycophagy aides in electron microscopy of ascospores.

Species in the genus are ascomycetous fungi that produce hypogeous fruiting bodies commonly called truffles. These fungi are ecologically relevant owing to the ectomycorrhizal symbiosis they establish with plants. One of the most speciose lineages within is the Rufum clade, which is widely distributed throughout Asia, Europe, and North America and is estimated to include more than 43 species.

Chemical Composition and Anti-Inflammatory and Antioxidant Activities of Extracts from Cultivated Morel Mushrooms, Species of Genus Morchella (Ascomycota).

Species of genus Morchella are high-value edible mushrooms. They are sought after by culinary experts due to their aroma, flavor, meaty texture, and health benefits. M.

Patient propagules: Do soil archives preserve the legacy of fungal and prokaryotic communities?

Soil archives are an important resource in agronomic and ecosystem sciences. If microbial communities could be reconstructed from archived soil DNA, as prehistoric plant communities are reconstructed via pollen data, soil archive resources would assume even greater value for reconstructing land-use history, forensic science, and biosphere modelling. Yet, the effects of long-term soil archival on the preservation of microbial DNA is still largely unknown.

Excretion and metabolism of nicotinic acid by the avian kidney.

The renal tubular transport and metabolism of nicotinic acid (NA) were investigated using the Sperber technique in unanesthetized hens. Infusion of [14C]NA into the avian renal portal circulation at 10(-10) mol/kg/min revealed that the 14C label was actively transported into urine at a rate 74% that of simultaneously infused tetraethylammonium. Increases in NA infusion rates enhanced 14C label transport so that it eventually equalled the excretion rate of tetraethylammonium.

Relation between transport maxima and inhibition of organic cation excretion in the chicken kidney.

The ability of several organic cations to inhibit differentially the renal excretion of two prototypical organic cations, tetraethylammonium (TEA) and N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), was investigated using the Sperber technique in chickens. TEA and NMN excretion were inhibited by the following organic cations in order of decreasing potency: quinine, TEA and NMN. The respective competitive potency of these substances was related inversely to their maximum tubular transport rates (Tm).

Tubular transport and metabolism of cimetidine in chicken kidneys.

Renal tubular transport and renal metabolism of [14C]cimetidine (CIM) were investigated by unilateral infusion into the renal portal circulation in chickens (Sperber technique). [14C]CIM was actively transported at a rate 88% that of simultaneously infused p-aminohippuric acid, and its transport was saturable. The following organic cations competitively inhibited the tubular transport of [14C]CIM with decreasing potency: CIM, ranitidine, thiamine, procainamide, guanidine and choline.

Effect of renal transplantation on the levels of choline in the plasma of uremic humans.

Plasma choline levels were measured in patients who received a kidney transplant, in donors who underwent nephrectomy and in nonrenal surgical patients. Choline was measured using a choline kinase assay. Choline levels in patients receiving a kidney fell from 29.

Renal tubule transport and electrolyte effects of amiloride in the chicken.

By using the Sperber technique in nonanesthetized chickens, it was found that amiloride was actively secreted by the renal tubule. This active secretion could be blocked by the simultaneous infusions of the organic cations guanidine, quinine and mepiperphenidol, but not by the organic anion probenecid. This suggested that amiloride was transported by the organic cation transport system of the renal tubule.

Renal tubular transport and metabolism of organic cations by the rabbit.

The renal tubular transport of the organic cations tetraethylammonium (TEA), N1-methylnicotinamide (NMN), and choline was studied in anesthetized rabbits by the urinary clearance technique. The clearance ratio of [14C]TEA/inulin was 5.72 +/- 0.

Direct renal tubular effects of choline on electrolyte excretion in the chicken.

Direct local effects of choline on electrolyte effects did not reappear. Acetylcholine was more potent than choline in producing the electrolyte effects. These results suggest that choline-induced changes in renal electrolyte excretion are mediated by a muscarinic receptor completely separate from the choline transport system.

Renal tubule transport of organic cations.

Transcellular active tubular transport of organic cations occurs in the proximal renal tubule in the direction of excretion. These organic cations may be primary, secondary, tertiary, or quaternary amines. Endogenous neurohumors such as choline and catecholamines and drugs such as morphine and tetraethylammonium are representative transportable organic cations.

Renal transport and renal metabolism of 2, 4, 5-trichlorophenoxyacetate by the chicken.

In vitro and in vivo renal tubular transport of 2,4,5-trichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4,5-T), a hormone-type herbicide, was studied in the chicken. Renal cortical slices incubated with 14C-labeled 2,4,5-T demonstrated a slice-to-medium ratio of the 14C-label of 26 after 2 hr of incubation. This accumulation was inhibited significantly by probenecid, phenol red, dinitrophenol and iodoacetamide.

Renal tubular transport of prostaglandins: inhibition by probenecid and indomethacin.

With use of the Sperber technique in chickens, labeled prostaglandin E2 and F2alpha were infused and resulted in renal tubular excretion of the label into the urine. A labeled metabolite, 12,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2alpha, was infused exogenously and this label was also excreted by active tubular transport. Tubular excretion of the label from PGE2, PGF2alpha, and 13,14-dihydro,15-keto-PGF2alpha was inhibited by probenecid, indomethacin, and PAH.

Relations of renal transport rate, transport maximum, and competitor potency for tetraethylammonium and choline.

By use of the Sperber technique in chickens, the renal tubule transport maximum (Tm) for the organic cation tetraethylammonium (TEA) was determined in vivo. The tubular transport rate, the Tm, and the competitor potency are assumed to have causal relationships. It was demonstrated that the two cations TEA and choline compete for the tubular transport of [14C]TEA.

Renal N-oxidation of trimethylamine in the chicken during tubular excretion.

The Sperber technique of infusion into the renal portal circulation in chickens was used to investigate in vivo the renal tubular transport and renal metabolism of trimethylamine (TMA). When 14C-TMA was infused at a rate of 1 x 10(-9) mol/min the transport efficiency (TE), that is, the tubular excretion of the 14C-label relative to excretion of simultaneously infused paminohippuric acid, was 0.70.

Choline loss during hemodialysis: homeostatic control of plasma choline concentrations.

Endogenous concentrations of free choline in plasma were measured in azotemic subjects receiving repetitive hemodialysis and excretion of free choline into the dialysate was determined. Chemical choline in plasma and dialysate was measured by adding choline kinase and measuring the production of radiolabelled phosphorycholine in the presence of radiolabelled adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Mean free choline concentration in plasma of azotemic subjects receiving hemodialysis was found to be 37 muM, which is about twice that of normal persons.

The biphasic effect of organic cations on the excretion of other organic cations.

The renal excretion of 14C-choline or 14C-acetylcholine was increased by the infusion of another organic cation at low rates but was decreased by infusion of the same added organic cation at higher rates with the Sperber technique in hens. The range of low rates of infusion was from 1 X 10(-15) to 1 X 10(-8) mol/min. At infusion rates greater than 1 X 10(-8) mol/min, inhibition of tubular excretion was found.

Renal tubular excretion of triethylcholine (TEC) in the chicken: enhancement and inhibition of renal excretion of choline and acetylcholine by TEC.

1. [3H]-triethylcholine (TEC) was actively transported by the renal tubule of the chicken at a rate 85% that of simultaneously administered p-aminohippuric acid (PAH). 2.