School-Based Outcomes Among Youth With Incarcerated Parents: Differences by School Setting.

Background: Parental incarceration impacts millions of children in the United States and has important consequences for youths' adjustment and school-based outcomes.

Methods: Using data from a survey of youth behavior in one large Midwestern state, we examined the effect of both present and past parental incarceration on school-based outcomes, across 3 school settings (public schools, alternative learning centers, and juvenile correctional facilities).

Results: Parental incarceration was significantly associated with students' poor school-based outcomes; however, these effects varied markedly by school setting.

A controlled study of ranitidine for the prevention of recurrent hemorrhage from duodenal ulcer.

Background: Hemorrhage is the most common complication of duodenal ulcer disease, but there is little information about the effectiveness and safety of long-term maintenance therapy with histamine H2-receptor blockers.

Methods: We conducted a double-blind study in patients with endoscopically documented hemorrhage from duodenal ulcers. Patients were randomly assigned to maintenance therapy with ranitidine (150 mg at night) or placebo and were followed for up to three years.

Myth of substituted judgment. Surrogate decision making regarding life support is unreliable.

Objective: To identify factors predicting the accuracy of surrogate decision making in life support decisions.

Design: Questionnaire.

Setting: Urban Veterans Affairs hospital.

Effects of cyclooxygenase and lipoxygenase inhibition on eicosanoids and healing of acetic acid colitis in rats.

Both cyclooxygenase products, such as prostaglandin (PG) E2, and lipoxygenase products, such as leukotriene (LT) B4, are increased in colitis and have potent proinflammatory actions. We studied effects of specific inhibitors of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase on the healing of acetic acid colitis in rats. Acetic acid colitis was induced 24 hr before enzyme inhibition began.

Regulation of gastric acid secretion by gastrin in duodenal ulcer patients and healthy subjects.

To examine the role of gastrin as a major mediator of meal-stimulated acid secretion at low and high intragastric pH, gastric acid secretory responses after exogenous and endogenous stimulation were studied in relation to circulating plasma gastrin levels in 19 healthy control subjects and in 18 patients with inactive duodenal ulcer disease. Gastrin was given intravenously in stepwise fourfold-increasing doses from 3.1 to 800 pmol.

Inhibition of gastric emptying by sodium oleate depends on length of intestine exposed to nutrient.

Previously, we reported that inhibition of gastric emptying by glucose or acids depends on the length of gut exposed to the inhibitor [Gastroenterology 95: A877, 1988; Am. J. Physiol.

Inhibition of gastric emptying by acids depends on pH, titratable acidity, and length of intestine exposed to acid.

Exposure of the small intestine to acid inhibits gastric emptying in a dose-related fashion that depends on titratable acidity and pH. Little information is available on the location of this inhibitory mechanism or on the relative contribution of titratable acidity and pH to this feedback control. We hypothesized that the dependence on titratable acidity is related to the length of the intestine exposed to acid and that the dependence on pH is related to the region of the intestine exposed to acid.

Calcium compartmentation and exchange rates in primary hepatocyte culture.

We utilized a technique, previously used to study myocardial cells (G. A. Langer, J.

Pancreatobiliary responses to an intragastric amino acid meal: comparison to albumin, dextrose, and a maximal cholecystokinin stimulus.

Little is known about how gastric and pancreatobiliary responses differ after intake of elemental diets from responses to polymeric food. We therefore compared pancreatic and biliary secretions after gastric instillation of albumin (7 g%, with dextrose 21 g%) with an elemental diet in 6 healthy volunteers. The elemental diet contained amino acids (7 g%, with dextrose 21 g%) in the same molar composition as the albumin.

Exogenous prostaglandin protects against acid-induced deep mucosal injury by stimulating alkaline secretion in rat duodenum.

In the anesthetized rat, exogenous acid (0.1-0.3 N HCl) perfused through the duodenum produced a dose-related increase in the severity of duodenal villous injury.

Computerized curve fitting in the analysis of hydrogen gas clearance curves.

Hydrogen gas clearance curves obtained from the rat gastric corpus were digitized into a computer and then analyzed by three methods: 1) linear regression of log-transformed data, 2) direct curve fitting with a modified Gauss-Newton nonlinear regression algorithm, and 3) Zierler's height-over-area algorithm. For linear regression of log-transformed data, if the initial base-line estimate was inaccurate or normal amounts of experimental noise were present, the log-transformed data was skewed, leading to deviation of the regression line and incorrect estimation of blood flow. By utilization of the direct-fit routine, the initial estimate of the parameters or experimental noise had little influence on the blood flow determination because of iterative improvement of the parameters.

A randomized study of maintenance therapy with ranitidine to prevent the recurrence of duodenal ulcer.

After an active duodenal ulcer has healed in response to medical therapy, the rate of recurrence during the subsequent year is relatively high. We therefore enrolled 140 patients with healed duodenal ulcers in a two-year randomized, double-blind trial comparing maintenance therapy (ranitidine, 150 mg nightly) with placebo for the prevention of recurrent duodenal ulceration. We performed endoscopy annually and when symptoms suggested the recurrence of ulcers.

Reduction in index of oxygen saturation at margin of active duodenal ulcers may lead to slow healing.

This study tested the hypothesis that reduced perfusion of a duodenal ulcer margin (ie, the mucosa 1-2 mm from the edge of the ulcer base) is associated with slow healing. Reflectance spectrophotometric measurement of indices of mucosal hemoglobin concentration (IHB) and mucosal hemoglobin oxygen saturation (ISO2) were obtained endoscopically in 21 patients at the ulcer margin and the adjacent mucosa (ie, the mucosa 1-2 cm from the edge of the ulcer base). In 17 patients with adequate follow-up, stepwise multilinear regression analysis revealed a significantly negative correlation (r = -0.

Inhibition of gastric emptying by glucose depends on length of intestine exposed to nutrient.

Nutrients inhibit gastric emptying in a dose-related fashion. We postulated that load-dependent gastric emptying results from the saturation of mucosal absorptive mechanisms, so that a longer length of the small intestine is exposed to unabsorbed nutrients as more nutrient enters the intestine to participate in this negative feedback. To test this idea, we limited exposure of 0.

Properties of chloroplast F1-ATPase partially modified by 2-azido adenine nucleotides, including demonstration of three catalytic pathways.

Previous investigations on the distribution of [18O]Pi isotopomers formed by hydrolysis of [gamma-18O]ATP by the chloroplast F1-ATPase (CF1) showed that a single reaction pathway is used by all participating sites and that the pathway is modulated by ATP concentration as expected for cooperative interactions between catalytic sites. Such oxygen exchange measurements have been applied to CF1 modified at a single catalytic or noncatalytic site by 2-azido adenine nucleotides. When less than one catalytic or one noncatalytic site per enzyme is modified, hydrolysis occurs in part by the pathway of the unmodified enzyme plus at least one additional pathway at 200 microM and two additional pathways at 4 microM [gamma-18O]ATP.

Somatostatin may not be a hormonal messenger of fat-induced inhibition of gastric functions.

The present study was designed to evaluate somatostatin as a hormonal inhibitor of gastric functions in humans. Seven healthy volunteers were investigated on 6 separate days. Peptone meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion was measured by intragastric titration for 2 h and gastric emptying was estimated with a dye-dilution technique.

Gastric acidification inhibits meal-stimulated gastric acid secretion after prostaglandin synthesis inhibition by indomethacin in humans.

The effects of cyclooxygenase inhibition by indomethacin on gastric acid secretion were studied in 8 healthy men. Oral doses of indomethacin (200 mg), administered 15 and 2 h before testing, were known to inhibit prostaglandin synthesis by 90% in 3 of the subjects as determined by prostaglandin E2 generation assay on endoscopically obtained gastric mucosal biopsy specimens. Acid-induced inhibition of gastric acid secretion was evaluated in a randomized and blinded study in which acid output was measured for 2 h during basal conditions by aspiration, for the next 2 h by intragastric titration during distention with isotonic glucose, and for the following 2 h by intragastric titration during meal stimulation with peptone.

Reflectance spectrophotometry for the assessment of gastroduodenal mucosal perfusion.

Reflectance spectrophotometry in assessing gastroduodenal mucosal perfusion was evaluated. Ischemia without congestion, e.g.

Choosing near-linear parameters in the four-parameter logistic model for radioligand and related assays.

Ten parameters extracted from six currently used parametrizations of the four-parameter logistic model, and one new proposal, were examined for their statistical behavior in nonlinear least-squares estimation in combination with ELISA and RIA data. Those which are adequately near-linear on the basis of the Lowry-Morton lambda statistic were identified and can be recommended for use in practice.

Carbamylcholine, but not somatostatin or neurotensin, stimulates prostaglandin E2 release from the isolated perfused rat stomach.

Prostaglandin E2 release by carbamylcholine (10(-6) M), somatostatin (10(-10)-10(-8) M) and neurotensin (10(-10) - 10(-8) M) has been evaluated in the isolated perfused rat stomach. Carbamylcholine significantly stimulated gastric PGE2 release and increased the perfusion pressure, whereas somatostatin and neurotensin had no effect. Combination of carbamylcholine with somatostatin or neurotensin produced no increase over that found with carbamylcholine alone.

Effects of viscosity and fluid outflow on postcibal gastric emptying of solids.

It is known that the food-filled stomach retains large spheres or pieces of food, allowing the passage of food particles or of plastic spheres with diameters mainly below 2 mm. We have recently shown that spheres having densities greater or less than water emptied from the food-filled canine stomach more slowly than spheres of the same diameter with a density of 1. Thus, hydrodynamics seem to govern gastric emptying of spheres.

Sucralfate therapy in patients with symptoms of alkaline reflux gastritis. A randomized, double-blind study.

The effects of sucralfate (6 g per day) and placebo on symptoms, endoscopic findings, and gastric mucosal histology were compared in 23 patients with symptoms of alkaline reflux gastritis who had undergone Billroth I, Billroth II, or vagotomy and pyloroplasty. Patients were randomly assigned to receive sucralfate (n = 11) or placebo (n = 12) for six weeks. Then all received six weeks of open sucralfate therapy before treatment codes were revealed.

The histology of the stomach in symptomatic patients after gastric surgery: a model to assess selective patterns of gastric mucosal injury.

We assessed selective patterns of histological injury in the gastric mucosa of 25 patients (12 Billroth II, 8 Billroth I, 5 vagotomy and pyloroplasty) with symptoms of alkaline reflux gastritis. Each patient had 12 biopsies taken from standardised sites. Histology was scored separately for surface epithelial changes and for inflammatory cells.

Gastric emptying and sieving of solid food and pancreatic and biliary secretions after solid meals in patients with nonresective ulcer surgery.

This study was undertaken to compare with previously published findings in normal subjects and subjects after truncal vagotomy and antrectomy the effects of nonresective ulcer surgery on (a) gastric emptying, grinding, and sieving of solid food and on (b) pancreatic and biliary secretions. Six subjects with proximal gastric vagotomy and 7 subjects with truncal vagotomy with pyloroplasty were studied using a previously validated indicator perfusion system with its aspiration port placed in the proximal jejunum. All subjects were given a meal of 30 g of 99mTc-liver, 60 g of beefsteak, and 100 ml of H2O.

Two-stage clinical trial stopping rules.

Two-stage stopping rules for clinical trials are considered. The nominal significance level needed for the second-stage test, for any choice of first-stage significance level, is derived for rules with overall significance levels of .01 and .