[Use of standardized criteria to verify interruption of a measles outbreak in the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Area during the COVID-19 pandemicEncerramento do surto de sarampo na área metropolitana de Buenos Aires durante a pandemia de COVID-19 aplicando critérios padronizados].

Objective: To describe the strategy implemented for interruption of the 2019-2020 measles outbreak in the Metropolitan Area of Buenos Aires (Argentina) and application of the Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) standardized outbreak closure criteria to verify interruption of viral circulation in an adverse setting (the COVID-19 pandemic).

Methods: Descriptive, retrospective observational study of the actions taken in response to the measles outbreak that occurred between epidemiological week (EW) 35 of 2019 and EW 12 of 2020. Interruption of viral circulation was documented through epidemiological, vaccination-coverage, and laboratory criteria.

Marijuana Use and Complication Risk Following Tibia Shaft Fracture Fixation.

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between preoperative marijuana use and complications following tibia shaft fracture fixation.

Methods: Design: Retrospective cohort study.

Setting: Two academic Level I trauma centers.

Evaluation of Patient Education Materials From Large-Language Artificial Intelligence Models on Carpal Tunnel Release.

Background: ChatGPT, an artificial intelligence technology, has the potential to be a useful patient aid, though the accuracy and appropriateness of its responses and recommendations on common hand surgical pathologies and procedures must be understood. Comparing the sources referenced and characteristics of responses from ChatGPT and an established search engine (Google) on carpal tunnel surgery will allow for an understanding of the utility of ChatGPT for patient education.

Methods: A Google search of "carpal tunnel release surgery" was performed and "frequently asked questions (FAQs)" were recorded with their answer and source.

Epidemiology of Dengue in Argentina during the 2010/11 to 2019/20 Seasons: A Contribution to the Burden of Disease.

Background: Dengue is an important public health problem in Argentina, as in many other countries. We reviewed and updated information on the dengue disease burden in Argentina over a 10-year period.

Methods: We conducted a retrospective descriptive study from 2010 to 2020 based on data from the National Health Surveillance System.

What Proportion of East African Refugees Report Musculoskeletal Problems? A Cross-sectional Survey.

Background: Musculoskeletal conditions are the leading cause of disability worldwide and disproportionally affect individuals in low-income and middle-income countries. There is a dearth of evidence on musculoskeletal problems among refugees, 74% of whom reside in low-income and middle-income countries.

Questions/purposes: (1) What proportion of refugees in Nyarugusu Camp, Kigoma, western Tanzania, are affected by musculoskeletal problems and what are the characteristics of those individuals? (2) What are the characteristics of these musculoskeletal problems, including their causes, location, and duration? (3) What forms of healthcare do those with musculoskeletal problems seek, including those for both musculoskeletal and nonmusculoskeletal problems?

Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study among refugees in Nyarugusu Camp, using the Surgeons OverSeas Assessment of Surgical Need tool.

Patterns, procedures, and indications for pediatric surgery in a Tanzanian Refugee Camp: a 20-year experience.

Background: There are 103 million displaced people worldwide, 41% of whom are children. Data on the provision of surgery in humanitarian settings are limited. Even scarcer is literature on pediatric surgery performed in humanitarian settings, particularly protracted humanitarian settings.

A Scoping Review of the Essential Components of Emergency Medical Response Systems for Mass Casualty Incidents.

Objective: Emergency medical (EM) response systems require extensive coordination, particularly during mass casualty incidents (MCIs). The recognition of preparedness gaps and contextual priorities to MCI response capacity in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) can be better understood through the components of EM reponse systems. This study aims to delineate essential components and provide a framework for effective emergency medical response to MCIs.

Implementing HIV Prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa: A Systematic Review of Interventions Targeting Systems, Communities, and Individuals.

HIV remains a threat to global public health, disproportionately affecting countries across Sub-Saharan Africa. Although treatment and access to care have improved, prevention remains critical to ending new HIV infections by 2030. A variety of prevention strategies exist, yet their effectiveness is difficult to measure and variable due to the nature of the interventions and vulnerability of the intervention during implementation.

Patterns of referral for refugees in western Tanzania: a retrospective review.

Introduction: access to essential secondary and tertiary healthcare, including surgery and medical sub-specialties, is a challenge in low-and-middle income countries (LMICs), especially for displaced populations. Referrals from refugee camps are highly regulated and may pose barriers to accessing essential secondary healthcare in a timely manner. Refugee referral systems and the ways they interact with national systems are poorly understood.

External Validation of a Neural Network Model in Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A Comparison With Conventional Logistic Regression Models.

Background: Interest in machine learning (ML)-based predictive modeling has led to the development of models predicting outcomes after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH), including the Nijmegen acute subarachnoid hemorrhage calculator (Nutshell). Generalizability of such models to external data remains unclear.

Objective: To externally validate the performance of the Nutshell tool while comparing it with the conventional Subarachnoid Hemorrhage International Trialists (SAHIT) models and to review the ML literature on outcome prediction after aSAH and aneurysm treatment.

Development of an Open-Access Webinar Series on Pathways for Global Surgery Engagement for Applicants to US Residency Programs.

Background: Global surgery (GS) training pathways in residency are unclear and vary by specialty and program. Furthermore, information on these pathways is not always accessible. To address this gap, we produced a collection of open-access webinars for senior medical students focused on identifying GS training pathways during residency.

Humanitarian surgical service utilization by a host country population: comparing surgery patterns between refugees and Tanzanians using an interrupted time-series analysis.

Background: While current estimates suggest that up to three million additional surgical procedures are needed to meet the needs of forcibly displaced populations, literature on surgical care for refugee or forced migrant populations has often focused on acute phase and war-related trauma or violence with insufficient attention to non-war related pathologies. To our knowledge, no study has compared refugee versus host population utilization of surgical services in a refugee camp-based hospital over such an extended period of twenty years. The aim of this paper is to first describe the patterns of surgical care by comparing refugee and host population utilization of surgical services in Nyarugusu refugee camp between 2000 and 2020, then evaluate the impact of a large influx of refugees in 2015 on refugee and host population utilization.

The Development of Somatic Symptom Disorder in Children: Psychological Characteristics and Psychiatric Comorbidity.

Background: Somatic symptom disorder (SSD) is one of the most common pediatric psychiatric disorders in adolescents, and several biological, psychological, and social factors have been considered to contribute to its development.

Objective: The aim of the present study was to elucidate the link between psychological functioning (depression and anxiety), psychological characteristics (perfectionism and alexithymia), negative life events, and parental accommodation in children diagnosed with SSD.

Methods: Fifty patients (age range 7-18 years) were diagnosed with SSD in an outpatient clinic and completed multiple self-report questionnaires on SSD symptoms, negative life events, and psychological factors.

Epidemiology of surgery in a protracted humanitarian setting: a 20-year retrospective study of Nyarugusu Refugee Camp, Kigoma, Western Tanzania.

Background: There are 80 million forcibly displaced persons worldwide, 26.3 million of whom are refugees. Many refugees live in camps and have complex health needs, including a high burden of non-communicable disease.

Emphasizing the Role of Neurosurgery Within Global Health and National Health Systems: A Call to Action.

Worldwide, neurological disorders are the leading cause of disability-adjusted life years lost and the second leading cause of death. Despite global health capacity-building efforts, each year, 22.6 million individuals worldwide require neurosurgeon's care due to diseases such as traumatic brain injury and hydrocephalus, and 13.

Adapting the 5-factor modified frailty index for prediction of postprocedural outcome in patients with unruptured aneurysms.

Objective: The 5-factor modified frailty index (mFI-5) is a practical tool that can be used to estimate frailty by measuring five accessible factors: functional status, history of diabetes, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, congestive heart failure, and hypertension. The authors aimed to validate the utility of mFI-5 for predicting endovascular and microsurgical treatment outcomes in patients with unruptured aneurysms.

Methods: A prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients with unruptured aneurysm who were treated with clip placement or endovascular therapy was used.

Monocyte-based inflammatory indices predict outcomes following aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage.

The contribution of specific immune cell populations to the post-hemorrhagic inflammatory response in aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) and correlations with clinical outcomes, such as vasospasm and functional status, remains unclear. We aimed to compare the predictive value of leukocyte ratios that include monocytes as compared to the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) in aSAH. A prospectively accrued database of consecutive patients presenting to our institution with aSAH between January 2013 and December 2018 was used.

Aging Patient Population With Ruptured Aneurysms: Trend Over 28 Years.

Background: Given increasing life expectancy in the United States and worldwide, the proportion of elderly patients affected by aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) would be expected to increase.

Objective: To determine whether an aging trend exists in the population of aSAH patients presenting to our institution over a 28-yr period.

Methods: A prospectively maintained database of consecutive patients presenting to our institution with subarachnoid hemorrhage between January 1991 and December 2018 was utilized.

Diagnosis of mast cell activation syndrome: a global "consensus-2".

The concept that disease rooted principally in chronic aberrant constitutive and reactive activation of mast cells (MCs), without the gross MC neoplasia in mastocytosis, first emerged in the 1980s, but only in the last decade has recognition of "mast cell activation syndrome" (MCAS) grown significantly. Two principal proposals for diagnostic criteria have emerged. One, originally published in 2012, is labeled by its authors as a "consensus" (re-termed here as "consensus-1").

Corpus callosum axon diameter relates to cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis.

Objective: To evaluate alterations in apparent axon diameter and axon density obtained by high-gradient diffusion MRI in the corpus callosum of MS patients and the relationship of these advanced diffusion MRI metrics to neurologic disability and cognitive impairment in MS.

Methods: Thirty people with MS (23 relapsing-remitting MS [RRMS], 7 progressive MS [PMS]) and 23 healthy controls were scanned on a human 3-tesla (3T) MRI scanner equipped with 300 mT/m maximum gradient strength using a comprehensive multishell diffusion MRI protocol. Data were fitted to a three-compartment geometric model of white matter to estimate apparent axon diameter and axon density in the midline corpus callosum.

Vaginal Discharge in a Pre-pubertal Girl Posing a Diagnostic Challenge.

Vaginal discharge in prepubescent girls is not an uncommon problem in pediatric outpatient practice. Among its various etiologies, foreign body lodgement is quite frequent in this age group. Diagnosis is sometimes forthcoming after history and physical exam, and the removal of the foreign object is followed by a prompt resolution of symptoms.