Backbone-functionalised ruthenium diphosphine complexes for catalytic upgrading of ethanol and methanol to iso-butanol.

Efficient catalysts for Guerbet-type ethanol/methanol upgrading to iso-butanol have been developed Michael addition of a variety of amines to ruthenium-coordinated dppen (1,1-bis(diphenylphosphino)ethylene). All catalysts produce over 50% iso-butanol yield with >90% selectivity in 2 h with catalyst 1 showing the best activity (74% yield after this time). The selectivity and turnover number approach 100% and 1000 respectively using catalyst 6.

An Atypical Cause of Primary Amenorrhea: A Case Report of Rare Vaginal Agenesis.

Vaginal agenesis is part of a group of anomalies, referred to as Mullerian anomalies due to their embryologic origin, in which there is a congenital absence of the vagina. We present a unique case in which a 20-year-old female presented to the Emergency Department with cyclical abdominal pain and primary amenorrhea. The original assessment showed a probable imperforate hymen; however, it was later found that she likely had vaginal agenesis.

Sex differences in tests of mental rotation: Direct manipulation of strategies with eye-tracking.

We conducted what is likely the first large-scale comprehensive eye tracking investigation of the cognitive processes involved in the psychometric mental rotation task with three experiments comparing the performance of men and women on tests of mental rotation with blocks and human figures as stimuli. In all 3 experiments, men achieved higher mean accuracy than women on both tests and all participants showed improved performance on the human figures compared with the blocks. Experiment 1 used a moving window paradigm to elicit a piecemeal processing strategy, whereas Experiment 2 utilized that approach to encourage a holistic processing strategy.

Photographs of real human figures: Item types and persistent sex differences in mental rotation.

The goal of the current study was to provide a better understanding of the role of image familiarity, embodied cognition, and cognitive strategies on sex differences in performance when rotating blocks and photographs of real human bodies. Two new Mental Rotation Tests (MRTs) were created: one using photographs of real human models positioned as closely as possible to computer drawn figures from the human figures MRT used in Doyle and Voyer's 2013 study, and one using analogous block figures. It was hypothesised that, when compared to the analogous block figures, the real human figures would lead to improved accuracy among both men and women, a reduced magnitude of sex differences in accuracy, and a reduced effect of occlusion on women's performance when compared to analogous block figures.

Calculation and experimental measurement of paramagnetic NMR parameters of phenolic oximate Cu(ii) complexes.

We present a strategy for predicting the unusual H and C shifts in NMR spectra of paramagnetic bisoximato copper(ii) complexes using DFT. We demonstrate good agreement with experimental measurements, although H-C correlation spectra show that a combined experimental and theoretical approach remains necessary for full assignment.

Paramagnetic NMR of Phenolic Oxime Copper Complexes: A Joint Experimental and Density Functional Study.

H and C pNMR properties of bis(salicylaldoximato)copper(II) were studied in the solid state using magic-angle-spinning NMR spectroscopy and, for the isolated complex and selected oligomers, using density-functional theory at the PBE0-1/3 //PBE0-D3 level. Large paramagnetic shifts are observed, up to δ( H)=272 ppm and δ( C)=1006 ppm (at 298 K), which are rationalised through spin delocalisation from the metal onto the organic ligand and the resulting contact shifts arising from hyperfine coupling. The observed shift ranges are best reproduced computationally using exchange-correlation functionals with a high fraction of exact exchange (such as PBE0-1/3 ).

Item type, occlusion, and gender differences in mental rotation.

Two experiments were conducted to examine the role of item type in mental rotation. In each experiment, participants completed two computerized mental rotation tasks, one with blocks as stimuli and one with human figures as stimuli. The tasks were formatted either as a multiple-choice psychometric test (Experiment 1) or as a same-different type task (Experiment 2).

'Preconditioning' with low dose lipopolysaccharide aggravates the organ injury / dysfunction caused by hemorrhagic shock in rats.

Methods: Male rats were 'pretreated' with phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; i.p.) or LPS (1 mg/kg; i.

Bodies and occlusion: item types, cognitive processes, and gender differences in mental rotation.

The aim of the current study was to reexamine previous findings in which the magnitude of the male advantage in mental rotation abilities increased when participants mentally rotated occluded versus nonoccluded items and decreased when participants mentally rotated human figures versus blocks. Mainly, the study aimed to address methodological issues noted on previous human figure mental rotations tests as the items composed of blocks and human body were probably not equivalent in terms of their cognitive requirements. Our results did not support previous research on embodied cognition as mental rotation performance decreased among both men and women when mentally rotating human figures compared to block items.

Response format, magnitude of laterality effects, and sex differences in laterality.

The present study examined the evidence for the claim that response format might affect the magnitude of laterality effects by means of a meta-analysis. The analysis included the 396 effect sizes drawn from 266 studies retrieved by Voyer (1996) and relevant to the main effect of laterality and sex differences in laterality for verbal and non-verbal tasks in the auditory, tactile, and visual sensory modality. The response format used in specific studies was the only moderator variable of interest in the present analysis, resulting in four broad response categories (oral, written, computer, and pointing).