The history of medieval bladder stone surgery in Persia.

Introduction: People's understanding of bladder stones has a long history. Since around the sixth century BC, surgery has been selected as the most specialized and last treatment and has continuously evolved. Meanwhile, many missing links have sometimes been a turning point in bladder stone surgery.

Louis Dominique le Roy and the first documented and successful crural fracture osteosynthesis, performed in Antwerp in 1796.

Methods: In 1796 the Antwerp surgeon Louis Dominique Le Roy (1755-1826) performed an osteosynthesis for an open crural fracture, using cerclage of the tibia with a golden thread. The written report, the first ever of such osteosynthesis, is documented by the publication in Dutch, and translated here in English language.

Results: The osteosynthesis proved successful.

An approach to the milestones of spine surgery in Persian traditional medicine.

Background: The diagnosis and treatment of spine disorders have been challenging for thousands of years in different nations and medical schools. Despite this long history, there are many information gaps in this regard. The current research deals with the milestones and progress of spine surgery from ancient times until now, emphasizing the innovations of sages in the Persian traditional medicine era.

Liver-tumor mimics as a potential translational framework for planning and testing irreversible electroporation with multiple electrodes.

Irreversible electroporation (IRE) has emerged as an appealing non-ionizing, non-thermal ablation therapy, independent of antineoplastic drugs. Limited but successful outcomes in IRE conducted in vivo, in small focal hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC), have been reported. Nonetheless, the electric parameters of IRE are usually delivered in an unplanned manner.

The historical course of varicose vein surgery in the Persian medicine.

Introduction: Dawali (varicose veins) is the disease of chronic dilation of veins. The veins of the legs become dilated and blue due to excessive accumulation of blood. This disease and the effort to identify and treat it has a very long history.