Impact of surface chemistry of upconversion nanoparticles on time-dependent cytotoxicity in non-cancerous epithelial cells.

The application of upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) for cell and tissue analysis requires a comprehensive understanding of their interactions with biological entities to prevent toxicity or harmful effects. Whereas most studies focus on cancer cells, this work addresses non-cancerous cells with their regular in vitro physiology. Since it is generally accepted that surface chemistry largely determines biocompatibility in general and uptake of nanomaterials in particular, two bilayer surface coatings with different surface shielding properties have been studied: (i) a phospholipid bilayer membrane (PLM) and (ii) an amphiphilic polymer (AP).

A missense mutation in associated with defective spermatogenesis and male infertility.

Normal function of the C-terminal Eps15 homology domain-containing protein 1 (EHD1) has previously been associated with endocytic vesicle trafficking, shaping of intracellular membranes, and ciliogenesis. We recently identified an autosomal recessive missense mutation c.1192C>T (p.

Impact of interferon-γ on the target cell tropism of nanoparticles.

Interferon-γ (IFN-γ) is well known to reduce the infectivity of viral pathogens by altering their tissue tropism. This effect is induced by upregulation of cholesterol 25-hydroxylase (CH25H). Given the similarity of viral pathogens and ligand-functionalized nanoparticles in the underlying strategy of receptor-mediated cell recognition, it appears conceivable that IFN-γ exceeds similar effects on nanoparticles.

ATG8-dependent LMX1B-autophagy crosstalk shapes human midbrain dopaminergic neuronal resilience.

The LIM homeodomain transcription factors LMX1A and LMX1B are essential mediators of midbrain dopaminergic neuronal (mDAN) differentiation and survival. Here we show that LMX1A and LMX1B are autophagy transcription factors that provide cellular stress protection. Their suppression dampens the autophagy response, lowers mitochondrial respiration, and elevates mitochondrial ROS, and their inducible overexpression protects against rotenone toxicity in human iPSC-derived mDANs in vitro.

Elemental Compositions of Enamel or Dentin in Human and Bovine Teeth Differ from Murine Teeth.

Teeth with different chemical compositions can show vastly different physical properties, so knowledge of elemental composition is required to use animal teeth as substitutes for human teeth in research. In vitro, energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX), improved by calibration standards and SiN-window material, enables determining local elemental compositions of inorganic and organic compounds without sample destruction. Six human molars, bovine incisors, murine incisors, and murine molars were analyzed.