Confronting Earth System Model trends with observations.

Anthropogenically forced climate change signals are emerging from the noise of internal variability in observations, and the impacts on society are growing. For decades, Climate or Earth System Models have been predicting how these climate change signals will unfold. While challenges remain, given the growing forced trends and the lengthening observational record, the climate science community is now in a position to confront the signals, as represented by historical trends, in models with observations.

Improvement of the optical cavity-based biosensor's limit of detection using optimal 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane process.

Optical resonator-based biosensors are important for advancing medical diagnostics and environmental monitoring due to their high sensitivity and label-free detection capabilities. In this study, we present a systematic comparison of three 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (APTES) functionalization methods - ethanol-based, methanol-based, and vapor-phase - on an Optical Cavity-based Biosensor (OCB) designed to detect streptavidin. The APTES process is an important first step for surface functionalization to form a linker to immobilize receptor molecules on the sensor surface.

Fluorogenic Platform for Real-Time Imaging of Subcellular Payload Release in Antibody-Drug Conjugates.

Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs) represent promising therapeutic constructs to enhance the selective delivery of drugs to target cells; however, attaining precise control over the timing and location of payload release remains challenging due to the complex intracellular processes that define ADC internalization, trafficking, and linker cleavage. In this study, we present novel real-time fluorogenic probes to monitor both subcellular dynamics of ADC trafficking and payload release. We optimized a tandem molecular design of sequential pH- and enzyme-activatable naphthalimide fluorophores to (1) track their subcellular localization along the endolysosomal pathway and (2) monitor linker cleavage with OFF-to-ON fluorescence switches.

The effects of alfaxalone, alone or with butorphanol, on the ultrasonographic appearance of the feline spleen.

Objective: To investigate the sonographic effects of alfaxalone and butorphanol alone and in combination on feline splenic size, shape, margins, echogenicity, echotexture, and blood flow. Our hypothesis was that alfaxalone alone and in combination would be associated with an increase in splenic size and blood flow and a nonhomogenous echotexture.

Methods: This was a randomized, prospective crossover study.

Effects of macro vs. micro initialization and ocean initial-condition memory on the evolution of ensemble spread in the CESM2 large ensemble.

Unlabelled: "Single Model initial-condition Large Ensembles" (SMILEs) conducted with Earth system models have transformed our ability to quantify internal climate variability and forced climate change at local and regional scales. An important consideration in their experimental design is the choice of initialization procedure as this influences the duration of initial-condition memory, with implications for interpreting the temporal evolution of both the ensemble-mean and ensemble-spread. Here we leverage the strategic design of the 100-member Community Earth System Model version 2 (CESM2) SMILE to investigate the dependence of ensemble spread on the method of initialization (micro- vs.