Chemical Constituents Isolated from the Lichen Biome of Selected Species Native to North America.

A lichen is a symbiotic association composed of a primary mycobionts and one or more photobionts living mutualistically together, forming a distinct morphological entity beneficial to their partnership and to other associated fungi, photobionts, and bacteria that collectively make up the lichen biome. The taxonomic identification of a lichen species often requires determination of the primary mycobiont's secondary metabolites, the key morphological characteristics of the thallus, and how it relates to other lichen species as seen in DNA phylogeny. This chapter covers lichens and their bionts, taxonomic identification, and their chemical constituents as exemplified by what is found in lichen biomes, especially those endemic to North America.

Emerging care management strategies for severe asthma: integrating biologic therapy.

Severe asthma accounts for 5% to 10% of asthma cases. Despite this, patients with uncontrolled severe asthma consume significant healthcare resources. Approximately 40% of patients with severe asthma have uncontrolled disease.