Case report: Clitoral adenocarcinoma in a mixed-breed female dog.

A 9-year-old, spayed female, mixed-breed dog was initially presented for evaluation of chronic dermatitis on the nasal planum, where a clitoral mass was discovered as an incidental finding during the exam. No further investigation of the clitoral mass was undertaken due to other significant dermal lesions and the lack of clinical significance of the mass at the time. However, ~1 month later, the dog was presented to the Emergency Service for bleeding from the vulva.

IL-17A activates ERK1/2 and enhances differentiation of oligodendrocyte progenitor cells.

Inflammatory signals present in demyelinated multiple sclerosis lesions affect the reparative remyelination process conducted by oligodendrocyte progenitor cells (OPCs). Interferon-γ (IFN-γ), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and interleukin (IL)-6 have differing effects on the viability and growth of OPCs, however the effects of IL-17A are largely unknown. Primary murine OPCs were stimulated with IL-17A and their viability, proliferation, and maturation were assessed in culture.

Clinical inquiry. Chronic urticaria: what diagnostic evaluation is best?

Chronic urticaria affects 1% of the general population and is usually defined as the presence of hives (with or without angioedema) for at least 6 weeks.¹