Skin in the Game: A Policy Implementation Study of How School-Level Bureaucrats Set and Rationalize Advanced Placement Exam Fees for Low-Income Students.

As part of their strategies to increase college readiness and reduce educational inequalities, at least 29 states subsidize Advanced Placement (AP) exam fees for low-income students. However, while Michigan's state-level policy subsidized low-income student exams to $5 per exam, we found wide-ranging fee structures at high schools-from $0 to $50. Through a lens of policy implementation theory and using an embedded case study approach, this study examined this disjuncture between the state and school policies using interview data from 33 school personnel-counselors, AP Coordinators, administrators-in 31 high schools and state personnel in Michigan; state policy artifacts; and publicly available school data.

General and Genetic Toxicology of Guayusa Concentrate (Ilex guayusa).

Tea from the leaves of guayusa (Ilex guayusa) has a long history of consumption by Ecuadorian natives in regions where the plant is indigenous. The tea contains the methylxanthines caffeine and theobromine as well as chlorogenic acids, flavonoids, and sugars. Various studies were performed to evaluate the general and genetic toxicology of a standardized liquid concentrate of guayusa (GC).

Motor activity effects in female Fischer 344 rats exposed to isopropanol for 90 days.

In a previous subchronic neurotoxicity study, increases in motor activity were observed for female rats after 9 and 13 weeks of exposure to 5000 ppm of isopropanol vapor. The present study was conducted to evaluate the reproducibility of these effects and, if reproducible, to assess the potential for reversibility following cessation of exposure. Two groups, each containing 30 female Fischer 344 rats, were exposed to concentrations of zero (control) and 5000 ppm of isopropanol vapor for 6 h per day, 5 days per week.