Superior orbital rim grinding as a novel surgical technique to approach superior and posterior orbital tumors.

Purpose: To describe a novel surgical technique aimed to approach those orbital lesions located superior and posterior to the equator of the globe.

Methods: We describe a novel surgical technique that was performed in four patients to approach intraorbital tumors superiorly and posteriorly located. This technique was completed through an upper eyelid skin crease followed by grinding the superior orbital rim to achieve complete removal of the lesions.

Temporal stability and directional change in a color cline of a marine snail from NW Spain.

The evolution and maintenance of color clines is a classic topic of research in evolutionary ecology. However, studies analyzing the temporal dynamics of such clines are much less frequent, due to the difficulty of obtaining reliable data about past color distributions along environmental gradients. In this article, we describe a case of decades-long temporal stability and directional change in a color cline of the marine snail along the coastal inlet of the Ría de Vigo (NW Spain).

A comparative investigation of integral- and separable-dimension stimulus-sorting behavior.

Studies focusing on unsupervised categorization and sorting behavior have traditionally identified and empirically isolated a few select strategies frequently employed by observers, one-dimensional (SD), family resemblance (FR), and exclusive-or (XOR). To date, these investigations have mostly involved creating sets of multidimensional stimuli that directly contrast utilization of these strategies coupled with task or stimulus property manipulations to see their effects on categorization and sorting behavior. Currently, we extend on this methodological approach by having observers sort integral-dimension stimuli for two recently developed constrained unsupervised categorization tasks employing three-dimensional Boolean category structures.

Classification of three-dimensional integral stimuli: Accounting for a replication and extension of Nosofsky and Palmeri (1996) with a dual discrimination invariance model.

The quest for determining the degree of learning difficulty associated with different types of categories has been instrumental in our understanding of human categorization behavior and, more broadly, human generalization. For instance, we now know that the topological nature of the dimensions (e.g.

Physiological stress responses to nonmimetic model brood parasite eggs: Leukocyte profiles and heat-shock protein Hsp70 levels.

Obligate avian brood parasites lay their eggs in the nest of other bird species, known as hosts. Brood parasitism often imposes severe fitness costs on hosts, selecting for the evolution of effective antiparasitic defences, such as recognition and rejection of brood parasite eggs. Glucocorticoids have been recently found to mediate host physiological and behavioral adjustments in response to brood parasite eggs; however, it remains unclear whether brood parasitism triggers a general response involving multiple physiological elements.