A study to determine the impact of IMPT optimization techniques on prostate synthetic CT image sets dose comparison against CT image sets.

Background: The objective of this study is to determine the impact of intensity modulated proton therapty (IMPT) optimization techniques on the proton dose comparison of commercially available magnetic resonance for calculating attenuation (MRCA T) images, a synthetic computed tomography CT (sCT) based on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan against the CT images and find out the optimization technique which creates plans with the least dose differences against the regular CT image sets.

Material And Methods: Regular CT data sets and sCT image sets were obtained for 10 prostate patients for the study. Six plans were created using six distinct IMPT optimization techniques including multi-field optimization (MFO), single field uniform dose (SFUD) optimization, and robust optimization (RO) in CT image sets.

Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) Is Required for Spatial Learning and Memory in Male Mice under Physiological, but Not Immune-Challenged Conditions.

Increasing evidence demonstrates that inflammatory cytokines-such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-are produced at low levels in the brain under physiological conditions and may be crucial for synaptic plasticity, neurogenesis, learning and memory. Here, we examined the effects of developmental TNF deletion on spatial learning and memory using 11-13-month-old TNF knockout (KO) and C57BL6/J wild-type (WT) mice. The animals were tested in the Barnes maze (BM) arena under baseline conditions and 48 h following an injection of the endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS), which was administered at a dose of 0.

Ageing and amyloidosis underlie the molecular and pathological alterations of tau in a mouse model of familial Alzheimer's disease.

Despite compelling evidence that the accumulation of amyloid-beta (Aβ) promotes neocortical MAPT (tau) aggregation in familial and idiopathic Alzheimer's disease (AD), murine models of cerebral amyloidosis are not considered to develop tau-associated pathology. In the present study, we show that tau can accumulate spontaneously in aged transgenic APP/PS1 mice. Tau pathology is abundant around Aβ deposits, and further characterized by accumulation of Gallyas and thioflavin-S-positive inclusions, which were detected in the APP/PS1 brain at 18 months of age.

Neuroinflammation and amyloid-beta 40 are associated with reduced serotonin transporter (SERT) activity in a transgenic model of familial Alzheimer's disease.

Background: Discrepant and often contradictory results have accumulated regarding the antidepressant and pro-cognitive effects of serotonin transporter (SERT) antagonists in Alzheimer's disease.

Methods: To address the discrepancy, we measured the activity and density of SERT in the neocortex of 3-24-month-old APP/PS1 and wild-type littermate mice, by using [H]DASB autoradiography and the [H]5-HT uptake assay. Levels of soluble amyloid-β (Aβ), and pro-inflammatory cytokines that can regulate SERT function, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6), and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), were measured in parallel.

A Pilot Study on the Comparison between Planning Target Volume-based Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy Plans and Robustly Optimized Intensity-Modulated Proton Therapy Plans.

The objective of this work is to compare the planning target volume (PTV)-based intensity-modulated proton therapy (IMPT) plans with robustly optimized IMPT plans using the robust optimization tools available in Pinnacle Treatment Planning System. We performed the study in five cases of different anatomic sites (brain, head and neck, lung, pancreas, and prostate). Pinnacle IMPT nonclinical version was used for IMPT planning.