Event-related microstate dynamics represents working memory performance.

In recent years, EEG microstate analysis has attracted much attention as a tool for characterizing the spatial and temporal dynamics of large-scale electrophysiological activities in the human brain. Canonical 4 states (classes A, B, C, and D) have been widely reported, and they have been pointed out for their relationships with cognitive functions and several psychiatric disorders such as schizophrenia, in particular, through their static parameters such as average duration, occurrence, coverage, and transition probability. However, the relationships between event-related microstate changes and their related cognitive functions, as is often analyzed in event-related potentials under time-locked frameworks, is still not well understood.

Duloxetine ameliorates the impairment of diffuse noxious inhibitory control in rat models of peripheral neuropathic pain and knee osteoarthritis pain.

Diffuse noxious inhibitory control (DNIC) is a phenomenon to reflect descending pain modulation in animals. Conditioned pain modulation (CPM) is the human counterpart of DNIC and is reduced in patients with several chronic pain conditions. Duloxetine is a serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor that ameliorates CPM impairment in patients with diabetic neuropathy.

Ibudilast produces anti-allodynic effects at the persistent phase of peripheral or central neuropathic pain in rats: Different inhibitory mechanism on spinal microglia from minocycline and propentofylline.

Microglia exhibit various activation phenotypes in the spinal cord after peripheral nerve injury, and promote neuropathic pain. Ibudilast is a phosphodiesterase inhibitor with anti-inflammatory activity, but its effect on activated microglia in chronic neuropathic pain is poorly understood. We investigated whether ibudilast was effective on established allodynia associated with activated microglial phenotypes in two rat models of peripheral and central neuropathic pain.

Effects of duloxetine on pain and walking distance in neuropathic pain models via modulation of the spinal monoamine system.

Background: Approximately 40% of patients with chronic low back pain have a neuropathic component. In this study, we assessed the effects of analgesics on tactile hypersensitivity and walking distance in the rat cauda equina compression (CEC) model of neuropathic low back pain.

Methods: The effects of analgesics on tactile hypersensitivity were examined using the von Frey test in CEC and partial sciatic nerve ligation (pSNL) models.