The discovery of the lymphatic system in the 17th century. Part VII: the rise of vascular injection.

In the second half of the seventeenth century, vascular injection was introduced in anatomy for the study of the mechanism of secretion of bodily fluids, a phenomenon into which the lymphatic system plays an important role. Injection became a routine procedure in the second half of the seventeenth century. Reinier de Graaf developed an appropriate syringe to inject liquid into minuscule tubules.

The discovery of the lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part VI: the microscopic discovery of the subtle anatomy.

The discovery of chyle and lymph vessels had furthered the dream of understanding the body's structure and functions. Initially it was thought that chyle was sucked from the intestines through the open mouths of chyle vessels, and that lymph vessels were side branches of arterial end branches. In the second half of the 17th century, microscopy became an adjuvant for research into the subtle anatomy of the lymphatic system.

The discovery of the lymphatic system in the seventeenth century. Part V: an ode to the nerves.

The English anatomists Francis Glisson and Thomas Wharton introduced theories on the use of recently discovered lymphatic system in the1650s. Their main idea was that membranous tissues were supplied by nerves with a vital fluid produced within nutritive glands, to be carried to the brain and thence from the brain to all membranous tissues, including glands. They stated that the distribution of the vital fluid was based on the similarity between its ingredients and the needs of the recipient tissues, and not on the weight, size or location of pores encountered, as maintained by Descartes.

Victimization of the Substance Abuse and Sexual Behaviors among Junior High School Students in Cambodia.

Background: We examined the current prevalence of substance abuse and sexual behaviors among junior high school students and the relationships between substance abuse, sexual behaviors, and victimization using multiple mediations.

Methods: Overall, 1703 junior high school students from the 2013 Cambodia Global School-based Health Survey were selected for the study. The descriptive statistics were performed in IBM SPSS to determine the prevalence of substance abuse, sexual behaviors, and victimization.

The associated risk factors for underweight and overweight high school students in Cambodia.

Purpose: Overweight and underweight are one of the leading risk factors for non-communicable diseases (NCDs), but little research on this area has been undertaken in Cambodia. Therefore, this study aimed to measure underweight and overweight and their associated risk behaviors among Cambodian high school students.

Methods: 3806 students (mean ag = 15.