In vitro antibiotic susceptibility of Francisella tularensis isolated from humans and animals.

The in vitro susceptibility of 38 strains of Francisella tularensis (biovar F. tularensis palaearctica) was determined using Etests on cysteine heart agar plates with 2% haemoglobin. All strains were susceptible to the antibiotics traditionally used to treat tularaemia, such as streptomycin (MIC(90) 4.

Molecular epidemiology of an outbreak caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Newport in Finland and the United Kingdom.

Between December 1997 and January 1998 an increase in the number of isolates of Salmonella enterica serovar Newport, a serotype rarely causing indigenous infections in Finland, was detected. This included two clusters of gastroenteritis following funeral meals. An inquiry via Enter-net revealed a concomitant increase in cases of S.

Disease patterns in field and bank vole populations during a cyclic decline in central Finland.

Declining field vole (Microtus agrestis) and bank vole (Clethrionomys glareolus) populations were sampled (117 field voles and 34 bank voles) in south-central Finland during the winter of 1988-89. The last surviving field voles were caught in April and bank voles in February. A subsample (16) of the April field voles were taken live to the laboratory for immunosuppression.

Salmonella enteritidis phage types 1 and 4: pheno- and genotypic epidemiology of recent outbreaks in Finland.

In the 1990s, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Enteritidis has caused 15 outbreaks in Finland; 12 of them were caused by phage type 1 (PT1) and PT4. Thus far, there has been no clear evidence as to the source of these Salmonella Enteritidis PT1 and PT4 strains, so it was necessary to try to characterize them further.

The first Salmonella enteritidis phage type 1 infection of a commercial layer flock in Finland.

The first Salmonella Enteritidis phage type (PT) 1 infection in a commercial layer flock of 2700 birds in Finland occurred in 1995. All the birds were ordered to be killed, the eggs to be destroyed and access to the layer house was denied in order to prevent spread of the infection. Ninety one commercial layers, 61 replacement pullets and 1062 eggs were collected for the analyses.