Do optic nerve head and visual field parameters in patients with obstructive sleep apnea syndrome differ from those in control individuals?

Background: It has been suggested that sleep apnea syndrome may play a role in normal-tension glaucoma contributing to optic nerve damage. The purpose of this study was to evaluate if optic nerve and visual field parameters in individuals with sleep apnea syndrome differ from those in controls.

Patients And Methods: From the records of the sleep laboratory at the University Hospital in Bern, Switzerland, we recruited consecutive patients with severe sleep apnea syndrome proven by polysomnography, apnea-hypopnea index >20, as well as no sleep apnea controls with apnea-hypopnea index <10.

[A neoclassical four-sector model for estimating the structural effects of liberalization of the labor market].

"This paper describes the basic set-up of a macroeconomic model disaggregated into 4 sectors. The purpose of the model is to analyze the structural effects of immigration policy. In a first section, the working of the model is illustrated by computing multipliers for various exogenous changes.