Development and evaluation of a multiplex polymerase chain reaction in real-time for differential diagnosis of -induced keratoconjunctivitis in livestock.

Background And Aim: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK) is a prevalent ocular disease that affects livestock, leading to substantial economic losses due to reduced production and culling of infected animals. spp. is common bacterial pathogens that can cause keratoconjunctivitis in livestock.

The epizootic situation of cattle moraxellosis in several economic entities of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

Background And Aim: Infectious bovine keratoconjunctivitis (IBK; conjunctivitis) is a widespread eye disease in cattle. In 1960, the Gram-negative bacillus was discovered as one of IBK's etiological causal agents. This study aimed to clarify the epidemiological (epizootic) situation of cattle moraxellosis in the Republic of Kazakhstan.