Botulinum toxin injection versus lateral internal sphincterotomy for chronic anal fissure: a meta-analysis of randomized control trials.

Background: Anal fissures, tears in the epithelium of the anal canal that cause pain and bleeding, have a lifetime prevalence of 11%. While surgical treatments, such as lateral internal sphincterotomy are traditional, they pose postoperative complications. Recent studies investigated less invasive options involving botulinum toxin injection, showing promise with fewer adverse effects.

Chronic stress modulates the expression level of leptin and leptin receptors in the hypothalamus of male rats with a history of maternal stress.

The activity of different neurotransmitter pathways in the hypothalamus controls the stress response. Meanwhile, leptin is known as an effective mediator in the stress response, and its serum and brain levels change when exposed to stressful factors. In this study, the effect of chronic social instability stress (INS) and chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) on anxiety-like behavioral responses and the level of expression of leptin and its receptor in the brain of male Wistar rats that were under maternal stress (MS) were investigated.

The codon optimised gene produces an active human basic fibroblastic growth factor in rice cell suspension culture.

The coding sequence of human basic fibroblast growth factor (hbFGF) was optimised for expression in rice. An expression cassette was constructed by fusing the PCR-amplified promoter, along with its 5'UTR, 3'UTR, and terminator sequences, to the codon-optimised hbFGF sequence. This cassette was inserted into the pCAMBIA1304 shuttle vector, which also contained the RAmy3D signal peptide.