ATP-mediated increase in H efflux from retinal Müller cells of the axolotl.

Previous work has shown that activation of tiger salamander retinal radial glial cells by extracellular ATP induces a pronounced extracellular acidification, which has been proposed to be a potent modulator of neurotransmitter release. This study demonstrates that low micromolar concentrations of extracellular ATP similarly induce significant H effluxes from Müller cells isolated from the axolotl retina. Müller cells were enzymatically isolated from axolotl retina and H fluxes were measured from individual cells using self-referencing H-selective microelectrodes.

Association between PIRCHE-II scores and de novo allosensitization after reduction of immunosuppression during SARS-CoV-2 infection in kidney transplant recipients.

Background: Before the availability of mRNA vaccines, many transplant centers chose to significantly reduce maintenance immunosuppression in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) with SARS-CoV-2 infection. The extent to which this increases the risk of allosensitization is unclear.

Methods: In this observational cohort study, we analyzed 47 KTRs from March 2020 to February 2021 who underwent substantial reduction of maintenance immunosuppression during SARS-CoV-2 infection.

Color Doppler ultrasonography of an agitated solution is predictive of accurate catheter placement for a continuous popliteal sciatic nerve block.

Background: Continuous peripheral nerve catheters (PNCs) have been shown to provide superior postoperative analgesia, decrease opioid consumption, and improve patient satisfaction compared with single injection techniques. In order to achieve success and reliability, accurate catheter positioning is an essential element of PNC placement. An agitated solution of normal saline, D5W, or a local anesthetic solution can be produced by the introduction of air to the injectate, creating air bubbles that can enhance ultrasonographic visualization and possibly improve block success.

Review and Hypothesis: A Potential Common Link Between Glial Cells, Calcium Changes, Modulation of Synaptic Transmission, Spreading Depression, Migraine, and Epilepsy-H.

There is significant evidence to support the notion that glial cells can modulate the strength of synaptic connections between nerve cells, and it has further been suggested that alterations in intracellular calcium are likely to play a key role in this process. However, the molecular mechanism(s) by which glial cells modulate neuronal signaling remains contentiously debated. Recent experiments have suggested that alterations in extracellular H efflux initiated by extracellular ATP may play a key role in the modulation of synaptic strength by radial glial cells in the retina and astrocytes throughout the brain.

Extracellular ATP-Induced Alterations in Extracellular H Fluxes From Cultured Cortical and Hippocampal Astrocytes.

Small alterations in the level of extracellular H can profoundly alter neuronal activity throughout the nervous system. In this study, self-referencing H-selective microelectrodes were used to examine extracellular H fluxes from individual astrocytes. Activation of astrocytes cultured from mouse hippocampus and rat cortex with extracellular ATP produced a pronounced increase in extracellular H flux.