The soluble factor milieu in idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis dysregulates epithelial differentiation.

In idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF), epithelial abnormalities are present including bronchiolization and alveolar cell dysfunction. We hypothesized that the IPF microenvironment disrupts normal epithelial growth and differentiation. We mimicked the soluble factors within an IPF microenvironment using an IPF cocktail (IPFc), composed of nine factors which are increased in IPF lungs (CCL2, IL-1β, IL-4, IL-8, IL-13, IL-33, TGF-β, TNFα, and TSLP).

Blockade of neutrophil extracellular trap components ameliorates cholestatic liver disease in Mdr2 (Abcb4) knockout mice.

Primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) is an (auto)immune-mediated cholestatic liver disease with a yet unclear etiology. Increasing evidence points to an involvement of neutrophils in chronic liver inflammation and cirrhosis but also liver repair. Here, we investigate the role of the neutrophil extracellular trap (NET) component myeloperoxidase (MPO) and the therapeutic potential of DNase I and of neutrophil elastase (NE) inhibitor GW311616A on disease outcome in the multidrug resistance 2 knockout (Mdr2) mouse, a PSC animal model.

The role of soluble adenylyl cyclase in sensing and regulating intracellular pH.

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) differs from transmembrane adenylyl cyclases (tmAC) in many aspects. In particular, the activity of sAC is not regulated by G-proteins but by the prevailing bicarbonate concentrations inside cells. Therefore, sAC serves as an exquisite intracellular pH sensor, with the capacity to translate pH changes into the regulation of localization and/or activity of cellular proteins involved in pH homeostasis.

Soluble adenylyl cyclase, the cell-autonomous member of the family.

Soluble adenylyl cyclase (sAC) is the evolutionarily most ancient of a set of 10 adenylyl cyclases (Adcys). While Adcy1 to Adcy9 are cAMP-producing enzymes that are activated by G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs), Adcy10 (sAC) is an intracellular adenylyl cyclase. sAC plays a pivotal role in numerous cellular processes, ranging from basic physiological functions to complex signaling cascades.