The function of groups of neurons changes from moment to moment.

Modern techniques that enable identification and targeted manipulation of neuron groups are frequently used to bolster theories that attribute specific behavioral functions to specific neuron types. These same techniques can also be used, however, to highlight limitations of such attribution, and to develop the argument that the question "what is the function of these neurons?" is ill-posed in the absence of temporal and network constraints. Here we do this, first reviewing evidence that neural responses are dynamic at multiple time scales, making the point that such changes in firing rates imply changes in what the neuron is doing.

Optogenetic perturbation of projections from thalamic nucleus reuniens to hippocampus disrupts spatial working memory retrieval more than encoding.

Background: Working memory deficits are key cognitive symptoms of schizophrenia. Elevated delta oscillations, which are uniquely associated with the presence of the illness, may be the proximal cause of these deficits. Spatial working memory (SWM) is impaired by elevated delta oscillations projecting from thalamic nucleus reuniens (RE) to the hippocampus (HPC); these findings imply a role of the RE-HPC circuit in working memory deficits in schizophrenia, but questions remain as to whether the affected process is the encoding of working memory, recall, or both.

Macular serpiginous choroiditis - case report.

Serpiginous choroiditis represents an inflammation, often asymmetric, situated at the level of the inner choroid, which is related to the retinal pigment epithelium and the choriocapillaris. It is known as a primarily idiopathic, but there are authors who consider it an autoimmune process. Many times, fundus autofluorescence is the investigation which is guiding the diagnosis, the management, also the follow-up together with the determination of the progressive visual prognosis.

Investigation of importance of the structural parameters of the eyeball and of the technical parameters of cataract surgery on corneal endothelial changes.

was to look into the importance of the structural parameters of the eyeball, in relationship with the technical parameters of cataract surgery regarding the corneal endothelial changes made by it. The paper refers at a prospective study in which we included eighty-eight consecutive eyes from eighty-six different patients having age-related cataract and a visual acuity of a values less than 0.8 considering best possible correction with it.

An overview of the influence and design of biomaterial of the intraocular implant of the posterior capsule opacification.

Posterior capsule opacification remains till nowadays one of the most hypothetical problems concerning the cataract surgery. When it comes in preventing PCO, this complication is made in multiple ways that concern, along with the surgery steps, the choice for the biomaterial of the intraocular implant lens. The concern of influence of the type of the used material (hydro-phob/ hydro-philic), of the design of the implant (1-piece IOL = monobloc vs.