Trends in costs of routinely recommended vaccines in the United States, 2001-2023.

Objectives: Economic models assessing vaccinations commonly assume that inflation-adjusted vaccine costs are constant over time. This study assessed this assumption using historical vaccine cost data.

Methods: Private sector and CDC contracted vaccine cost data (2001-2023) were collected from the CDC Vaccine Price List and converted to US$2023 to adjust for inflation.

Revolutionizing cotton cultivation: A comprehensive review of genome editing technologies and their impact on breeding and production.

Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.), a vital global cash crop, significantly impacts both the agricultural and industrial sectors, providing essential fiber for textiles and valuable byproducts such as cottonseed oil and animal feed. The cultivation of cotton supports millions of livelihoods worldwide, particularly in developing regions, making it a cornerstone of rural economies.

Optimization of tissue culture and Cas9 transgene expression in tomato: A step towards CRISPR/Cas9-based genetic improvement.

Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) is an essential source of antioxidants and a prime candidate for bioengineering experiments. Many studies have aimed to improve tomatoes using CRISPR/Cas9 technology; however, the success rate is limited due to the lack of efficient regeneration and genetic modification techniques.

Relevance of Bacteria in Causing Rain and Snow.

The Earth's climate is influenced by both natural phenomena (solar fluctuations, oceanic patterns, volcanic eruptions, and tectonic movements) and human activities (deforestation, CO and CO2 emissions, and desertification), all of which contribute to ongoing climate change and the resulting global warming. However, human actions are a major factor in exacerbating global warming and amplifying its adverse impacts worldwide. .