Background: Plasma osteopontin (pOPN) is a promising aging-related biomarker among individuals with and without kidney disease. The interaction between sex, pOPN levels, and global and cardiorenal outcomes among older individuals was not previously evaluated.
Methods: In this study we investigated the association of pOPN with 24-month global mortality, major cardiovascular events (MACEs), MACEs + cardiovascular (CV) mortality, and renal decline among older individuals; we also evaluated whether sex modified observed associations.
Purpose: In this study, a comprehensive analysis of costs of chronic kidney disease (CKD) was performed, to understand factors associated with the economic burden of the disease in a multicentre international framework.
Methods: The impact on costs of demographics, socio-economics, clinical, and functional variables was tested in 2204 subjects aged 75 years or more attending outpatient clinics in Europe using a multicentre 2-year prospective cohort study. By means of collected resources consumption and unit cost data a comprehensive cost database was built and then investigated using multilevel regression modeling.