3D-printing of the elbow in complex posttraumatic elbow-stiffness for preoperative planning, surgery-simulation and postoperative control.

Background: Restoration of mobility of the elbow after post-traumatic elbow stiffening due to osteophytes is often a problem.

Methods: The anatomical structures were segmented within the CT-scan. Afterwards, the Multi Jet Fusion 3D-printing was applied to create the model made of biocompatible and steam-sterilizable plastic.

Generalizing hydrogel microparticles into a new class of bioinks for extrusion bioprinting.

Hydrogel microparticles (HMPs) are an emerging bioink that can allow three-dimensional (3D) printing of most soft biomaterials by improving physical support and maintaining biological functions. However, the mechanisms of HMP jamming within printing nozzles and yielding to flow remain underexplored. Here, we present an in-depth investigation via both experimental and computational methods on the HMP dissipation process during printing as a result of (i) external resistance from the printing apparatus and (ii) internal physicochemical properties of HMPs.