Implicit bias training for police: Evaluating impacts on enforcement disparities.

Objective: The purpose of this study was to estimate the behavioral impacts of training police officers in implicit bias awareness and management.

Hypotheses: Training police in implicit bias reduces racial and ethnic disparities in stops, arrests, summonses, frisks, searches, and/or use of force.

Method: A cluster randomized controlled trial using the stepped wedge design was applied to 14,471 officers in the New York City Police Department, with a 1-day training delivered to clusters of police commands between May 2018 and April 2019 and outcomes measured with police records of individual events from April 2018 to May 2019.

A Review of Particle Size Analysis with X-ray CT.

Particle size and morphology analysis is a problem common to a wide range of applications, including additive manufacturing, geological and agricultural materials' characterisation, food manufacturing and pharmaceuticals. Here, we review the use of microfocus X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) for particle analysis. We give an overview of different sample preparation methods, image processing protocols, the morphology parameters that can be determined, and types of materials that are suitable for analysis of particle sizes using X-ray CT.

The evolution of language by sexual selection.

Most accounts of the evolution of language assume that language and greater intelligence are beneficial adaptations, leading to increases in survival fitness. These accounts emphasise natural selection, with language as an adaptation to the habitat, placing less emphasis on sexual selection and reproductive fitness. An account of language evolution by natural selection alone faces problems in accounting for the prodigious power and expressivity of human language.

Electrochemical Biosensor for Markers of Neurological Esterase Inhibition.

A novel, integrated experimental and modeling framework was applied to an inhibition-based bi-enzyme (IBE) electrochemical biosensor to detect acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors that may trigger neurological diseases. The biosensor was fabricated by co-immobilizing AChE and tyrosinase (Tyr) on the gold working electrode of a screen-printed electrode (SPE) array. The reaction chemistry included a redox-recycle amplification mechanism to improve the biosensor's current output and sensitivity.

The Thalamus as a Blackboard for Perception and Planning.

It has been suggested that the thalamus acts as a blackboard, on which the computations of different cortical modules are composed, coordinated, and integrated. This article asks what blackboard role the thalamus might play, and whether that role is consistent with the neuroanatomy of the thalamus. It does so in a context of Bayesian belief updating, expressed as a Free Energy Principle.