Structure, scale and emergence.

In this paper I consider the structures that chemists and physicists attribute at the molecular scale to substances and materials of various kinds, and how they relate to structures and processes at other scales. I argue that the structure of a substance is the set of properties and relations which are preserved across all the conditions in which it can be said to exist. In short, structure is abstraction.

The Effects of Acute Exercise on Short- and Long-Term Memory: Considerations for the Timing of Exercise and Phases of Memory.

The specific questions addressed from this research include: (1) Does high-intensity acute exercise improve memory?, (2) If so, do the mechanisms occur via encoding, consolidation, or retrieval? and (3) If acute exercise occurs in multiple phases of memory (e.g., before encoding and during consolidation), does this have an additive effect on memory? Three experimental, within-subject, counterbalanced studies were conducted among young adults.

Comprehensive Characterization of Transcriptional Activity during Influenza A Virus Infection Reveals Biases in Cap-Snatching of Host RNA Sequences.

Macrophages in the lung detect and respond to influenza A virus (IAV), determining the nature of the immune response. Using terminal-depth cap analysis of gene expression (CAGE), we quantified transcriptional activity of both host and pathogen over a 24-h time course of IAV infection in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). This method allowed us to observe heterogenous host sequences incorporated into IAV mRNA, "snatched" 5' RNA caps, and corresponding RNA sequences from host RNAs.

Niche partitioning of intertidal seagrasses: evidence of the influence of substrate temperature.

The influence of soil temperature on rhizome depths of four intertidal seagrass species was investigated in central Queensland, Australia. We postulated that certain intertidal seagrass species are soil temperature-sensitive and vertically stratify rhizome depths. Below-ground vertical stratification of intertidal seagrass rhizome depths was analysed based upon microclimate (soil temperature) and microhabitat (soil type).