Radiographic skeletal survey for non-accidental injury: systematic review and development of a national New Zealand protocol.

Introduction: Clinically occult fractures from non-accidental injury (NAI) are best detected on radiographic skeletal survey. However, there are regional variations regarding the views included in such surveys. We undertook a systematic review of the evidence supporting skeletal survey protocols to design a protocol that could be implemented across New Zealand.

Ossification of sacral vertebral bodies in neonates born 24 to 38 weeks' gestational age and its relevance to spinal ultrasonography.

Objective: Determination of gestational age and/or birth weight at which sacral ossification centers appear.

Study Design: Radiographs were reviewed of newborns admitted to Auckland City Hospital between January 2008 and December 2010. Infants were divided into weight clusters increasing in 100-g increments from 400 g to 3000 g and 500-g increments thereafter, for a total of 29 weight clusters.

Demonstration of fourth ventricular choroid plexus on neonatal cranial ultrasonography.

The choroid plexus of the fourth ventricle can be identified on neonatal cranial US via the mastoid fontanelle, particularly when transducers of high frequency are used. Its presence as a normal, echogenic structure might not be appreciated by all sonographers. It should not be mistaken for vermian hemorrhage or clotted blood within the fourth ventricle or cisterna magna.

Syringocoele of the bulbourethral duct with additional lower genito-urinary anomalies.

The ultrasonographic (US) appearance of a syringocoele of the bulbourethral (Cowper) duct, with correlative urethrocystoscopic images, is demonstrated. An infant boy, 5 weeks of age, who presented with E. coli infection of the urinary tract also had bilateral hydroureteronephrosis, small bilateral simple ureterocoeles, and posterior urethral valve leaflets.

Williams-Beuren syndrome: historical aspects.

Williams syndrome, also known as Williams-Beuren syndrome (OMIM database entry 194050), is now known to be commonly associated with a hemizygous chromosomal deletion at 7.q11.23.